ÿþ.. >:85=:> #!!/  / !: &#   &#  ( CA8AB8:0. - 5@;8=, 1994, ! 1/2. - !. 50-73) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------  C1>@=KE =0 AB5=5 ?8A0BL "@048F8O, C2K, =5 =>20... > 345 5I5, - 54@5=0 <0BL! - # =0A =0945HL A2>1>4C A;>20?! (@0DD8B8 2 >1I5AB25==>< BC0;5B5) CAA:85 @C30B5;LAB20 874@52;5 1K;8 2 >AA88 "70?@5B=K< ?;>4><". 27C<55BAO, =5 4;O =>A8B5;59 @CAA:>3> O7K:0, 0 4;O B5E, :B> 53> C?>B@51;O; 2 ?5G0B=><, B.5. ?@>25@5==>< 8 >4>1@5==>< F5=7C@>9 20@80=B5. 5 A;CGa9=> ?@0:B8G5A:8 2A5340 ?C1;8:0F88 =0 MBC B5<C 2KE>48;8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0 0?045: "C:0 C48I52" . 0@:>20, " CAA:85 7025B=K5 A:07:8" .. D0=0AL520, A>1@0=85 @CAA:8E "=5F5=7C@=KE" ?>A;>28F 8 ?>3>2>@>: .. 0;O, =0@>4=K5 1K;8=K, ?5A=8, G0ABCH:8 8 <=>3>5 8=>5, =5 3>2>@O C65 > B2>@G5AB25 "70?@5I5==KE" ?8A0B5;59-48AA845=B>2, =5 60;52H8E "4;O :@0A=>3> A;>2F0" 8 @>4=>3> >BF0, B.5. B5G5AB2>. 065 "Russisches etymologisches Worterbuch" (BB. 1-3, 1950-1958) >4=>3> 87 >A=>20B5;59 "Osteuropainstitut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(8@>=>A8F:89, 1990, 114-115). 5A<>B@O =0 2A5 >D8F80;L=K5 70?@5BK, >4=0:>, 2> 2A5E A;>OE @CAA:>3> >1I5AB20 2 =C6=KE A;CG0OE ":@5?:85 8 A8;1=K5 A;>20 8 2K@065=8O" 1K;8 >4=8< 87 A0<KE MDD5:B82=KE A?>A>1>2 "87;8BL 4CHC", - 1;03> @>AA89A:0O 459AB28B5;L=>ABL 2A5340 4020;0 4;O B0:8E 87;8O=89 4>AB0B>G=> ?>2>4>2. C30;8AL 8 @C30NBAO, :>=5G=> 65, 2 B5E "AD5@0E 1KB>20=8O @CAA:>3> AC1AB0=40@B0", :>B>@K5 >E0@0:B5@87>20;0 . QAB5@-"><0, ?>-@07=><C. @8AB>:@0B0< ?> :@>28 8 B2>@G5A:><C 4CEC, AC4O ?> ?5@5?8A:5 8 =5:>B>@K< ?@>872545=8O< . CH:8=0, . 0@:>20, . 5;8=A:>3>, $. >AB>52A:>3>, . '5E>20, . @NA>20, . 0AB5@=0:0 8 <=>38E 4@C38E 45OB5;59 =0H59 :C;LBC@K, 1K; GC64 >D8F8>7=K9 70?@5B =0 B0: =07K205<K9 @CAA:89 <0B: =5@54:> ;8HL F0@A:0O 8;8 A>25BA:0O F5=7C@0 C?@OBK20;0 2A5< 8725AB=K5 =0 CA8 A;>20 2 3;C1>:><KA;5==K5 <=>3>B>G8O (-@>B8:0, 1992; "@8 25:0 ?>M788 @CAA:>3> -@>A0, 1992). 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""5<0B8G5A:0O A2>1>40, - 70<5G05B A?5F80;8AB ?> :C;LBC@5 @5G8 8 >@0B>@A:CN 8A:CAAB2C .. >EB52, - ?>72>;8;0 ?8A0B5;O< 8 6C@=0;8AB0< @0AA:070BL > B0:8E A8BC0F8OE, :>B>@K5 @0=LH5 4;O =8E 1K;8 70?@5I5=K. -B> 8 ?@825;> : 0:B82870F88 1@0==>9 ;5:A8:8 2 ?8AL<5==>9 @5G8, B0: :0: 157 =55 =5@54:> =52>7<>6=> >?8A0BL 8 ?>=OBL >?@545;5==K5 A>F80;L=K5 3@C??K >1I5AB20" (@548A;>285 : !, 5). 5?CB0BK 5@E>2=>3> !>25B0, ?@57845=BK, <M@K 3>@>4>2 8 3;02K 04<8=8AB@0F88 =5 3=CH0NBAO "?@>ABK< @CAA:8< A;>2><" 8;8 2 :@09=5< A;CG05, 53> M2D5<87<0<8. 0B, :0: 8 60@3>=, AB0; A2>53> @>40 <>4>9, - :0: 2?@>G5< 8 ?>?C;87< 2 53> A0<>< >1=065==>< 20@80=B5. 070;>AL 1K, @07 =5?5G0B=>5 A;>2> AB0;> ?5G0B=K<, B> 8 D8;>;>38G5A:0O =0C:0 8 ?@0:B8:0 <>3CB 84B8 2 =>3C A MB8< ?@>F5AA><. #2K, 4;O >B5G5AB25==>9 A;028AB8:8 MB> ?>:0 =5 B0:.  >AA88 4> A8E ?>@ 5I5 =5 8740=> =8 >4=>3> B>;:>2>3> (2> 2A5E A<KA;0E, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 G8AB> D8;>;>38G5A:><) A;>20@O @CAA:>9 1@0==>9 ;5:A8:8. >2K5 25O=8O, :>=5G=>, 8 745AL GB>-B> ?@8=5A;8. > 4> A8E ?>@ MB> 2 >A=>2=>< =51>;LH85 A;>20@8:8 =0 ?>B@51C 4=O, >1KG=> 8740205<K5 2 ":><<5@G5A:8E AB@C:BC@0E". 5:>B>@K5 87 =8E 25AL<0 ?>;57=K, :0:, =0?@8<5@, "564C=0@>4=K9 A;>20@L =5?@8AB>9=>AB59. CB52>48B5;L ?> A:01@57=K< A;>20< 8 =5?@8;8G=K< 2K@065=8O< 2 @CAA:><, 8B0;LO=A:><, D@0=FC7A:><, =5<5F:><, 8A?0=A:><, 0=3;89A:>< O7K:0E" ?>4 @540:F859 .. >EB520. 4=0:> 4065 A0<> :>;8G5AB2> @CAA:8E 1@0==KE A;>2, >B@065==KE 2 =5< (>:>;> 150), A2845B5;LAB2C5B > 53> G8AB> "?CB52>48B5;LA:><" E0@0:B5@5. 5 A;CG09=> ?>MB><C =0 :=86=KE ;>B:0E >AA88 ?@>405BAO 70 15H5=K5 4;O @CAA:>3> G5;>25:0 45=L38 @53C;O@=> ?>O2;ONI0OAO ?>4?>;L=0O ?5@5?5G0B:0 A;>20@O $;53>=0 (. $;53>=, 1973). ">4?>;L=0O" =0 MB>B @07 =5 2 F5=7C@=>< 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>< A<KA;5, 0 2 A<KA;5 >B:@>25==> ?8@0BA:><: =0 B8BC;L=>< ;8AB5 MB>9 :=838, 8740==>9 =0 ?;>E>9 3075B=>9 1C<035, =5B =8:0:8E A;54>2 @CAA:>3> 8740B5;LAB20 8;8 "!", ?@54?@8=O2H8E MBC ?C1;8:0F8N. 5 C4828B5;L=>: 8740B5;8, 2848<>, B0:8< >1@07>< C:;>=ONBAO >B A>1;N45=8O =>@< 02B>@A:>3> ?@020. "8?8G=>, GB>, 8<5O =0 @>48=5 AB>;L 3@><04=K5 70?0AK B0:>3> F5==>3> "AK@LO", :0: @CAA:0O <0B5@I8=0, @CAA:85 ;8=328ABK 8 ;5:A8:>3@0DK 4> A8E ?>@ =5 ?@54;>68;8 G8B0B5;O< 53> :20;8D8F8@>20==>9 ?5@5@01>B:8. ">G=55, =5 <>3;8 ?@54;>68BL ?> =0720==K< 2KH5 >1AB>OB5;LAB20<. A:;NG5=85<, ?@0240, O2;ONBAO 8725AB=K5 AB0BL8 .. #A?5=A:>3>, ?>;>682H85 =0G0;> A>2@5<5==>9 @CAA:>9 ">1AF5=>;>388" (#A?5=A:89, 1983, 1987) 8 A;>20@L . K:>20, A>45@60I89 =5<0;> A2568E ">1AF5=87<>2" (K:>2, 1992 8 1994). > 8 >=8 2KH;8, 5AB5AB25==>, 70 @C156><. 0@C156=0O 65 A;028AB8G5A:0O ">1AF5=>;>38O" C65 402=> ?@>O2;O5B 0:B82=K9 8=B5@5A : @CAA:>9 1@0=8.  MB><C, ?@5645 2A53>, D8;>;>3>2-@CA8AB>2 B>;:0NB G8AB> ?@0:B8G5A:85 <>B82K. 57=0=85 MB>9 ;5:A8:8 4065 ABC45=B0<8, >A2>82H8<8 @CAA:89 O7K: ?>GB8 2 A>25@H5=AB25, ?>=OB=>: :;0AA8G5A:0O <5B>48:0 AB@>8;0AL 2> <=>3>< =0 >A=>20=88 ;8B5@0BC@=>3>, "AB0=40@B=>3>" @CAA:>3> O7K:0. 8B5@0BC@=K5 65 B5:ABK, ?@5AA0 8 <0AA0 CG51=8:>2 4;O 8=>AB@0=F52 B8?0 " CAA:89 O7K: 4;O 2A5E", 5AB5AB25==>, =5 2:;NG0;8 MBC AD5@C @CAA:>9 @5G8 2 ?@>F5AA >1CG5=8O. 0@C156=K< :>;;530< ?@8E>48;>AL ?>MB><C, :0: 3>2>@OB, ?> :@C?8F0< A>18@0BL "70?@545;L=CN" @CAA:CN ;5:A8:C 8 A>AB02;OBL A;>20@8-?>A>18O. >;;5:F8O B0:8E ;5:A8:>3@0D8G5A:8E A?@02>G=8:>2, >A>15==> 8740==0O 2 !(, C65 25AL<0 25;8:0 (Drummond, Perkins, 1987; Elyanov, 1987; Galler, Marquess, 1972; Galler, 1977; Glasnost), E>BO 8E 02B>@K =5 ?@5B5=4CNB =8 =0 ?>;=>BC >E20B0 >?8AK205<>3> <0B5@80;0, =8 =0 3;C18=C (>A>15==> MB8<>;>38G5A:CN) 53> 8=B5@?@5B0F88. >AB0B>G=> 402=NN B@048F8N 8<55B =0 0?045 8 D8;>;>38G5A:>5 87CG5=85 @CAA:>9 1@0==>9 ;5:A8:8. =0 >B:@K205BAO 42C<O =5<5F:8<8 @01>B0<8 =0G0;0 25:0: AB0BL59 -. (?8=:;5@0 "Grossrussische erotische Volksdichtung" (Spinkler, 1911) 8 >1H8@=>9 HBC4859 . %@8AB80=8 "Uber die personlichen Schimpfworter in Russischen", >?C1;8:>20==>9 2 6C@=0;5 "Zeitschrift fur slavische Philologie" 2 1913 3>4C (Christiani, 1913). 5 A;CG09=> 8 >4=>9 87 ?5@2KE ?>A;52>5==KE ?C1;8:0F89 =0 MBC B5<C 1K;0 AB0BLO . A0G5=:>, 0=0;878@CNI0O ">A=>2>?>;030NI55" <0B5@I8==>5 @CAA:>5 @C30B5;LAB2>, 70D8:A8@>20==>5 8<5=8BK< 8=>75<F5< - =5<F5< 5@15@HB59=>< 2 17-< 25:5 (Isatchenko, 1964): 2>>1@065=85 8=>AB@0=F52 - :0: ?@>ABKE :C?F>2 8;8 ?CB5H5AB25==8:>2, 254CI8E ?CB52K5 70<5B:8 8 A>AB02;ONI8E :@0B:85 @073>2>@=8:8, B0: 8 D8;>;>3>2 - @CAA:89 <0B ?@82;5:0; A2>59 A8;L=>9 M:A?@5AA859, >1@07=>ABLN 8 <=>3>7=0G=>ABLN. >B>: 70?04=>9 ;8=328AB8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, ?>A2OI5==>9 MB>9 B5<5, =5C:;>==> C25;8G8205BAO (Dreizin, Priestly, 1982; Geiges, Suworowa, 1989; Hopkins, 1977; Kaufman, 1981; >AF8=A:89, 1980; 528=, 1986; Patton, 1981; Plahn, 1987; Raskin, 1978; 1979; Razvratnikov, 1980). >B>: AB0B59 2K:@8AB0;;87>20;AO C65 2 A5@8N <>=>3@0D89, =0?8A0==KE =5<5F:8<8 A;028AB0<8: :=830 . "8<@>B0, 2 :>B>@>9 @CAA:89 <0B @0AA<0B@8205BAO 2 >1I5< @O4C A 0@3>, 60@3>=>< 8 A;5=3>< (Timroth, 1983, 1986), 48AA5@B0F8O . -@<5= > @CAA:>9 >1AF5==>9 ;5:A8:5 (Ermen, 1991), 2KH54H0O =5402=> >B45;L=>9 :=83>9 (Ermen, 1993) 8 48AA5@B0F8O . 08= > 3@0<<0B8:5 (2 H8@>:>< A<KA;5) A5@1A:8E @C30B5;LAB2 (Kain, 1993). @8 2A59 >7=0G5==>9 0:B82870F88 D8;>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8 8 ?@0:B8:8 2>:@C3 @CAA:>3> <0B0, >= ?@>4>;605B 2> <=>3>< >AB020BLAO =5:8< 15;K< ?OB=><. =>385 ?5@52>4G8:8 4> A8E ?>@ 8A?KBK20NB 1>;LH85 B@C4=>AB8, =5 =0E>4O A>>B25BAB2CNI8E A;>2 8 2K@065=89 =8 2 >4=>< 87 A;>20@59, 8740==KE 2 >AA88. A;8 4;O @CAA:8E ?5@52@4G8:>2 :0<=5< ?@5B:=>25=8O O2;O5BAO 045:20B=0O ?5@540G0 M:A?@5AA82=KE A;>2 8 2K@065=89 87 <0AAK 70?04=KE (>A>15==> 0<5@8:0=A:8E) :@8<8=0;L=KE, ?>@=>3@0D8G5A:8E, "E>@@>@=KE" 8 B.4. @><0=>2, :8=>- 8 2845>D8;L<>2, B> 4;O 70@C156=KE ?5@52>4G8:>2 MB>B :0<5=L - @CAA:0O =5F5=7C@I8=0, ?>:0 5I5 <0;> A8AB5<0B878@>20==0O A>AB028B5;O<8 A;>20@59. 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"725AB8OE" 70 23 023CAB0 1991 3. 1K;0 >?C1;8:>20=0 A5@8O AB0B59 ?>4 >1I8< =0720=85< "B> 5ABL EC, :0: A:070; >@10G52", A?>A>1AB2>202H0O H8@>:><C @0A?@>AB@0=5=8N >1>@>B0, :0: 8 AAK;:8 =0 MB>B :0;0<1C@ 2 4@C38E A@54AB20E <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 (Brodsky, 1992, 76-77; Haudressy, 1992, 111). =0;>38G5= >1AF5==K9 ?>4B5:AB 8 B0:8E A>2@5<5==KE ?>;8B8G5A:8E :0;0<1C@>2, :0: <8@=K9 35@F>3 (87 0=5:4>B0 > .!. >@10G525, 345 MB> 2K@065=85 - 53> 70@C156=0O :;8G:0 - @0AH8D@>2K205BAO =0 >A=>25 0=3;. peace duke); >@8A, BK =5?@02 (D@070 G;5=0 >;8B1N@> .. 830G520, >1@0I5==0O =0 >4=>< 87 70A540=89 5@E>2=>3> !>25B0 : >@8AC ;LF8=C, 2K7202H0O A<5E 2 70;5 1;03>40@O 8725AB=><C 0=5:4>BC > ?LO=>< 2>4>?@>2>4G8:5, 2K@0782H5<CAO AB>;L 45;8:0B=>, :>340 53> =0?0@=8: C@>=8; 5<C =0 =>3C BO65;K9 <>;>B>:); :@0B:>9 ?5@58=0G5==>9 =0@>4=>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 45<>:@0B88 a la russe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peace '<8@', 0 0=3;. pease '3>@>E': 3>@>E>2K9 35@F>3 ($, 104) - 4>AB0B>G=> 045:20B=K9 60@3>==K9 ?@54B5G0 <8@=>3> 35@F>30. 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'BK - ?QAL5 >B@>4L5, AC:8= AK=' (#A?5=A:89, 1987), >A;>6=5==>9 4@C38<8 <8D>;>38G5A:8<8, @5;838>7=K<8 8 D>;L:;>@=K<8 0AA>F80F8O<8 8 8<5NI59 1>;55 4@52=NN ?@54KAB>@8N: =0 3;C18==>< C@>2=5 >=0, 2>7<>6=>, A>>B=>A8BAO A <8D>< > A0:@0;L=>< 1@0:5 510 8 5<;8 (@57C;LB0B>< G53> O2;O5BAO >?;>4>B2>@5=85 5<;8) 8 AC1J5:B 459AB28O 2 <0B5@=>< 2K@065=88 - >3 =510 8;8 @><>25@65F; =0 1>;55 ?>25@E=>AB=>< C@>2=5 AC1J5:B>< 459AB28O O2;O5BAO ?QA :0: B@025AB89=0O 70<5=0 A2>53> ?@>B82=8:0 @><>25@6F0 (#A?5=A:89 1983, 1988). 0: =5G8AB>5 682>B=>5, >4=0 87 8=:0@=0F89 4LO2>;0, 8<5==> A>10:0, 0 =5 G5;>25: 1K; AC1J5:B>< 459AB28O, E0@0:B5@87C5<>3> 40==>9 D@07>9. N1>?KB=K 8 =01;N45=8O > 2>7<>6=>< 2;8O=88 4@C38E O7K:>2 =0 @CAA:CN 1@0==CN ;5:A8:C. 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(!  4, 291), 345 28@ '3;C1>:>5 <5AB> 2 @5:5 8;8 >75@5; ><CB, 2>4>2>@>B 8;8 B>?:>5 <5AB>, ?@>20; 2 1>;>B5'. -B0 70<5=0 2?>;=5 >1JOA=8<0 >=><0A8>;>38G5A:8<8 <>45;O<8 =08<5=>20=8O A;02O=A:8E G5@B59 (A<. ">;AB>9, 1974; 1976).  MB><C @07@O4C >B=>AOBAO 8 >1>@>BK ?>;CM2D5<8AB8G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0, 2>7=8:H85 =0 >A=>25 B0:8E, 2>AE>4OI8E : O7KG5AB2C, ?>AK;>2, => HCB;82>-8@>=8G5A:8 ?5@5>A<KA;5==KE 2 "E@8AB80=A:><" ;81> "<CAC;L<0=A:><" :;NG5: 48 BK : 1>3C 2 @09! 48 BK : 0;;0EC! >AB0B>G=> CA;>2=> : MB><C @07@O4C <>6=> >B=5AB8 8 A0:@0;L=CN M:A?@5AA82=CN ;5:A8:C 8 D@075>;>38N B8?0 >65 BK <>9! @5A2OB0O <0BL! 0BL ?@5G8AB0O! 0BNH:8 A2OBK! =8, >4=0:>, 2 @CAA:>< O7K:5 <5=55 0:B82=K, G5< 2 @><0=A:8E 8 35@<0=A:8E O7K:0E 8 2> <=>3>< ?>425@65=K >1AF5==>9 <>45;8, 345 A;>2> <0BL, :0: <K 2845;8, 8<55B 45A0:@0;87>20==K9 8AB>G=8:. 2. >65;0=8O 7;0 8 =5C40G8, 2K@065==K5 <8D>;>35<0<8 0=0;>38G=>3> B8?0, GB> 2 @07@O45 I: '5@B B51O 2>7L<8! '5@B B51O ?>45@8! (>23.) 0<E0 1K BO ?>1@0;0!, 345 ?0<E0 'G5@B, 682CI89 =0 1>;>B5' (A@. ?0<E0 '<>E>2>5 1>;>B>' (!B@>3>20, 1971), A<>;. =GCB 20A 2>7L<8! (@O7.) 0@0;8: B51O 2>7L<8! 8 B.?. (>:85=:>, 1986, 182-183). ;O 70:;OB89 MB>9 3@C??K E0@0:B5@=0 ?>AB>O==0O A2O7L, 4065 1>;55 B>3> - A5<0=B8G5A:89 A8=:@5B87< 7=0G5=89 'G5@B, =5G8ABK9 4CE' > '1>;57=L'. =0 @53C;O@=> ?@>A;568205BAO 2 45<>=>;>38G5A:>< "8<5=>A;>25" A;02O=A:8E8 10;B89A:8E O7K:>2 (Eckert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Hals und Beinbruch! 4. 1AF5==K5 ?>AK;K 8;8 8E M2D5<87<K: 48 BK (?>H5; BK) : 515=59 (Q10=>9) <0B5@8!48 BK : 515=5 D5=5! 48 BK : O4@Q=>9 101CH:5! 48 BK =0 EC9! 48 BK =0 D83! 48 BK 2 ?874C! 48 BK 2 6>?C! 48 BK 2 704=8FC! 48 BK =0 ECB>@ 101>G5: ;>28BL! 8 B.?. -B0 3@C??0 1@0==KE 2K@065=89 >1=0@C68205B B5A=CN AB@C:BC@=CN 8 A5<0=B8G5A:CN A2O7L A 1-9, <8D>;>38G5A:>9 3@C??>9 ?>AK;>2. E ?5@5:;8G:0 <5AB0<8 ?>GB8 1C:20;L=0: A@. 48 BK : G5@B>2>9 <0B5@8! 48 BK : (Q10=>9) O4@Q=>9 101CH:5! 48 BK : GQ@B>2>9 101CH:5! 48 BK : Q10=>9 (O4@Q=>9) 101CH:5!  MB> =5 A;CG09=>: MB8<>;>38G5A:0O @0AH8D@>2:0 ">A=>2=>3>" @CAA:>3> @C30B5;LAB20 .. #A?5=A:8< 405B :;NG : MB>9 A2O78. 0 2B>@8G=>< <8D>;>38G5A:>< C@>2=5 @5GL 745AL, 2848<>, 845B 8<5==> > "?QAL59" <0B5@8, ?@O<> A2O70==>9 A G5@B><. 1AF5==K9 ?>AK; 8 <8D>;>38G5A:89 ?>AK;, A;54>20B5;L=>, 35=5B8G5A:8 - O2;5=8O >4=>3> ?>@O4:0, ?>A:>;L:C >1>@>BK B8?0 48 BK =0 EC9! O2;ONBAO M;;8?A8A0<8 2K@065=89 48 BK : G5@BC (?AC) =0 EC9! (=8 70D8:A8@>20=K, =0?@8<5@, 2 A5@1>-E>@20BA:>< O7K:5). 5. 1AF5==0O 1@0=L, =07K20NI0O "A?>A>1" A5:AC0;L=>3> =04@C30=8O =04 55 04@5A0B><: 18 B51O 2 6>?C! 18 B51O 2 @>B! 18 B51O 2 @51@>!  6>?C Q10=K9! 10=K9 2 @>B! 10BL B51O 2 @>B!  @>B 510BL B2>8 :>ABK;8! 4@8 B2>N 2 4KH;>! 4@8 B2>N 2 :0G0;:C! 4@8 B51O 2 :>@5=L! 4@8 B2>N 70 =>3C! 4@8 B2>N =0;52>! 8 B.?. 45AL B>65 M;;8?A8A "AC1J5:B0" 459AB28O: QA (GQ@B) 518 B51O 2 6>?C! 8 B.?. 0 ?5@2K9 273;O4, >1>@>BK MB>9 3@C??K O2=> A5:AC0;L=K, GB> :0: 1C4B> ?>4B25@6405B 1KB>2>5 <=5=85 > A5:AC0;L=>AB8 @CAA:>3> <0B0. >;55 B>3>, 8 2 A>2@5<5==>< 1KB>2>< A>7=0=88 1>;LH8=AB20 =>A8B5;59 @CAA:>3> O7K:0 MB> <=5=85 4><8=8@C5B. -B>, <564C ?@>G8<, :>=AB0B8@CNB A59G0A <=>385 A>F8>;>38, 8=B5@?@5B8@CO <0B :0: M2>;NF8N D>@< 1@0G=>-A5<59=KE >B=>H5=89 8 A2O7K20O A =59 ?@0:B8:C 4@52=53> 8 A>2@5<5==>3> B01C878@>20=8O MB>9 AD5@K @5G8. " 07 <0B, - ?8H5B, =0?@8<5@, $.. ;LOA>2, - ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =5?@8AB>9=CN G0ABL ;5:A8:8, :>B>@0O >?8AK205B A5:AC0;L=CN AD5@C, B> 8 2>7=8:=>25=85 53> A2O70=> A :0:8<8-B> ?@>F5AA0<8 2 @0728B88 A5:AC0;L=KE 8 1@0G=KE >B=>H5=89" (;LOA>2, 1990, 201). AB@> ?>;5<878@CO A MB8< <=5=85<, .. '5@=KH52 A?@0254;82> ?>4G5@:8205B, GB> "=0F5;5==>ABL" <0B0 =0 A5:AC0;L=CN AD5@C 40;5:> =5 >G5284=0: " A;CG05 A <0B>< A8AB5<0 >7=0G0NI8E 459AB28B5;L=> 708<AB2C5BAO 87 A5:AC0;L=>9 AD5@K G5;>25G5A:>9 687=545OB5;L=>AB8, GB> >B=N4L =5 >7=0G05B =5?@5<5==> >?8A0=8O MB>9 AD5@K ?>A@54AB2>< <0B5@=>9 @5G8" ('5@=KH52, 1992, 33).  E>BO 8< 45;05BAO ?@8 MB>< ?>?KB:0 >?@>25@65=8O A0:@0;L=>9 8 MB8:5B=>9 B@0:B>2:8 <0B0, 2 @5B@>A?5:B825 MB0 "A5:AC0;L=>ABL" 2>AE>48B, :0: <K 2845;8 2KH5, 8<5==> : <8D>;>38G5A:><C A8=:@5B87<C >1AF5==>3> 8 45<>=>;>38G5A:>3>. 5 A;CG09=> 2 A;02O=A:8E 8 10;B89A:8E O7K:0E 8 480;5:B0E >4=8< 87 >A=>2=KE A8=>=8<>2 A;>20 "@C30BLAO" O2;ONBAO ;5:A5<C 8 D@075<K B8?0 G5@BKE0BLAO, 480;. 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KA>F:>3> "8AL<> 87 0@860": @>=8:=>25=L5 =0H5 ?> ?;0=5B5 A>15==> 70<5B=> 240;5:5:  >1I5AB25==>< ?0@86A:>< BC0;5B5 ABL =04?8A8 =0 @CAA:>< O7K:5. 0: 65 >1AB>8B 45;> A B0:>3> @>40 D>;L:;>@>< 2 =0H8 4=8? I5 2 :>=F5 1990 3>40 >48= 87 8AA;54>20B5;59 A>2@5<5==>9 @CAA:>9 <8D>;>388, B25@8G .. '5@=KH52 ?8A0; > A>E@0=5=88 @57:>3> ?@>B82>AB>O=8O <564C ":C;LBC@>9" 8 @CAA:8< <0B>< 8 2 =>2KE A>F80;L=KE CA;>28OE: "0;8G85 =5:>53> B@C4=>?@>E>48<>3> 10@L5@0 <564C <0B>< 8 ":C;LBC@>9" ?>4B25@6405B A;54CNI8< ?@>ABK< ?@8<5@><: 2 B> 2@5<O :0: "=>20O A>25BA:0O M@>B8:0" A2>1>4=> >?5@8@C5B 87>1@065=85< 35=8B0;89 (=0 M@>B8G5A:8E D>B>2KAB02:0E), <5AB>< 8725AB=>3> A;>20 87 B@5E 1C:2 ?>-?@56=5<C O2;O5BAO 701>@" ('5@=KH52, 1992, 34). 'B> 65, 2 "25@8, <>65B 1KBL, 4> A8E ?>@ A>F80;L=0O 8 M@>B8G5A:0O A2>1>40 =5 ?@825;0 : 87<5=5=8O< 2 AB0@>9 "701>@=>9" B@048F88. > 2 5B5@1C@35, ?> =01;N45=8O< 02B>@0 MB>9 AB0BL8, 8 MB>B "?@>F5AA ?>H5;", 8 4065 - 70H5; G@572KG09=> 40;5:>. 0 701>@0E 8 2 <5AB0E >1I5AB25==>3> ?>;L7>20=8O 2A5 @565 ?>O2;O5BAO A0:@0<5=B0;L=>5 A;>2> 87 B@5E 1C:2, :>B>@>3> =8:0: =5 <>3;0 8A:>@5=8BL ?>;8F8O 8 <8;8F8O. !B@060< ?>@O4:0 ?@8E>48BAO B5?5@L 1>;LH5 CA8;89 ?@8;030BL 4;O C=8GB>65=8O ?>;8B8G5A:8E ;>7C=3>2 8 2K?04>2 ?@>B82 >B45;L=KE ?@54AB028B5;59 "MH5;>=>2 2;0AB8". -B> (?CABL 8 =5?>;=>5) 8AG57=>25=85 <0B0 =0 AB5=0E @CAA:8E C1>@=KE - 7=0: =>2>3> 2@5<5=8. @5<5=8 >BACBAB28O F5=7C@K 8 A2>1>4K A;>20. 04>;3> ;8? B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A <>65B 40BL, <564C ?@>G8<, 8 @53C;O@=>5 A;565=85 70 @CAA:>9 BC0;5B=>9 "@5:;0<>9". -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8B5@0BC@0 091C@8= .., ">?>@>2 .. # 8AB>:>2 MB8:5B0. ., 1990.  - 0;4052 .., AC?>2 .. !;>20@L BN@5<=>-;035@=>-1;0B=>3> 60@3>=0 (@5G52>9 8 3@0D8G5A:89 ?>@B@5B A>25BA:>9 BN@L<K). ., "@0O >A:2K", 1992, 526 AB@. CA;052 $.. CAA:85 ?>A;>28FK 8 ?>3>2>@:8 // @E82 N@848G5A:8E A2545=89, >B=>AOI8EAO 4> >AA88. ., 1854. =. 2, 1-176. K:>2 . CAA:0O D5=O. !;>20@L A>2@5<5==>3> 8=B5@60@3>=0 0A>F80;L=KE M;5<5=B>2. Munchen, 1992, 173 AB@. 60?>28G 0AB0. 0:;5B20 =0 B;C !$  JC3>A;028j5. 5>3@04, 1977.  - 0;L .. ">;:>2K9 A;>20@L 682>3> @CAA:>3> O7K:0. 4-5 8A?@02;5==>5 8 7=0G8B5;L=> 4>?>;=5==>5 8740=85 ?>4 @54. .. >4CM=0 45 C@B5=M. "B. 1-4. !1. - ., 1912-1914. >1@>2>;LA:89 .. !<>;5=A:89 MB=>3@0D8G5A:89 A1>@=8:: >A;>28FK. '. 3. !1., 1894, 168 AB@. ;LOA>2 $.. 0B 2 B@8 E>40 (>?KB A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O D5=><5=0 =5F5=7C@=>9 1@0=8) // '5;>25:. 1990, ! 3, 198-204. >7;>2A:89 . !>1@0=85 @CAA:8E 2>@>2A:8E A;>20@59 2 G5BK@5E B><0E. "B. 1-4. New York, 1983 (7). >7;>2A:89 . @3> @CAA:>9 3><>A5:AC0;L=>9 AC1:C;LBC@K. 0B5@80;K : 87CG5=8N. New York, 1986, 228 c. >AF8=A:89 . 5=>@<0B82=0O ;5:A8:0 8 A;>20@8 // Russian Linguistics, 1980, ! 4, 363-396. 528= ... 1 >1AF5==KE 2K@065=8OE @CAA:>3> O7K:0 // Russian Linguistics, 1986, ! 10, 61-72. 8@>=>A8F:89 ..  2>?@>AC > O7K:5 ?@02>A;02=>3> @CAA:>3> 1>3>A;C65=8O // ><8AA8O ?> =0CG=><C 8740=8N A;02O=A:>9 181;88 ( CAA:0O 81;59A:0O ><8AA8O). 1915-1929. !1>@=8: 0@E82=KE <0B5@80;>2. B2. @54. .. >30G52, .. !0D@>=>2, .!. !>1>;52. ., 1990, 105-120. >:85=:> .. 1@07K @CAA:>9 @5G8. ., 1986, 278 AB@. ! - 564C=0@>4=K9 A;>20@L =5?@8AB>9=>AB59. 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