ÿþ>=@04 >@5=F  "# !" #   AA;54>20=85 5AB5AB25==>9 8AB>@88 G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>7=0=8O -B>B @CAA:89 ?5@52>4 >B45;L=KE D@03<5=B>2 :=838 «> BC AB>@>=C 75@:0;0» 2K?>;=5= ?> 0=3;89A:><C 8740=8N, :>B>@K9 @540:B8@>20;AO 8 A25@O;AO A >@838=0;>< ?@8 =5?>A@54AB25==>< CG0AB88 A0<>3> . >@5=F0: . Lorenz. Behind the Mirror. A search for a natural history of human knowledge. London. Methuen and Co. Ltd. 1977. 2B>@ ?5@52>40  :. D. =. ">;AB>2 . . C1;8:C5BAO ?> :=835: «-2>;NF8O. /7K:. >7=0=85.» (B2. @54.  4. D. =. . . 5@:C;>2) -- .: /7K:8 @CAA:>9 :C;LBC@K, 2000 -!"'!  + «5 1C4L 3;07 A>;=FC ?>4>15=, 3> 1K >= =8:>340 =5 C2845;» QB5 1. @>1;5<0 «@05C3>;L=K< :0<=5< =0CG=>3> <5B>40 O2;O5BAO ?>ABC;0B > B><, GB> ?@8@>40 >1J5:B82=0». "0: ?8H5B 0: >=> 2 A2>59 7=0<5=8B>9 :=835 «!;CG09=>ABL 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL».  ?@>4>;605B: «>=5G=> 65, =8 @07C<, =8 ;>38:0, =8 =01;N45=85... =5 1K;8 >1>945=K 2=8<0=85< ?@54H5AB25==8:>2 5:0@B0. > B@51>20;8AL 5IQ AB@>3>5 8AA;54>20=85 8 0=0;87, 48:BC5<K5 ?>ABC;0B>< >1J5:B82=>AB8». 06=> >A>7=0BL, GB> 2 ?@8254Q==KE CB25@645=8OE A>45@60BAO =0 A0<>< 45;5 F5;KE 420 ?>ABC;0B0, >48= 87 :>B>@KE >B=>A8BAO : >1J5:BC =0CG=>3> ?>8A:0, 0 4@C3>9 8<55B 2 284C A0<>3> CGQ=>3>. @5645 2A53>, >G5284=>, A;54C5B 4>?CAB8BL <0B5@80;L=>5 ACI5AB2>20=85 A0<>3> >1J5:B0 8AA;54>20=8O, 5A;8 B0:>2>5 8AA;54>20=85 @0AAG8BK205B 8<5BL :0:>9-=81C4L A<KA;.  B> 65 2@5<O ;560I85 =0 CGQ=>< >?@545;Q==K5 >1O70==>AB8 =5;53:> ?>440NBAO O2=><C >?@545;5=8N. A;8 1K MB> 1K;> B0: C6 ;53:>, <=5 =5 1K;> 1K =C64K ?8A0BL MBC :=83C. 1O70==>AB8, > :>B>@KE 84QB @5GL, 2:;NG0NB ?>4E>4 : ?>7=0=8N, :>B>@K9 >G52845= 4;O 18>;>30, => 40;5:> =5 >1I5?@8=OB A@548 D8;>A>D>2 8 ?A8E>;>3>2. <55BAO 2 284C ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> 2AQ G5;>25G5A:>5 7=0=85 2K@0AB05B 87 ?@>F5AA0 2708<>459AB28O <564C G5;>25:>< :0: D878G5A:>9 ACI=>ABLN 8 0:B82=> 2>A?@8=8<0NI8< AC1J5:B><, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 @50;8O<8 AB>;L 65 D878G5A:>3> 2=5H=53> <8@0, A;C60I53> >1J5:B>< G5;>25G5A:>3> 2>A?@8OB8O 8 >?KB0. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL 4>2>;L=> ?CB0=>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 MB8E 42CE A;>2  «AC1J5:B» 8 «>1J5:B». 0 8E =5B>G=>ABL C:07K205B C65 B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, GB> A2>Q 7=0G5=85 >=8 <5=O;8 5IQ A> 2@5<Q= AE>;0AB8:8.  A>2@5<5==>< C?>B@51;5=88 A;>2> «AC1J5:B» >7=0G05B ?5@56820NI53>, 4C<0NI53>, GC2AB2CNI53> 035=B0 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL >1J5:BC, ?> ?>2>4C :>B>@>3> 40==K9 035=B ?5@568205B, 4C<05B 8 GC2AB2C5B. C:20;L=> subjectum >7=0G05B «B>, GB> ?>4;>65=> ?>4»  2 A<KA;5 =5:>53> >A=>20=8O, =0 :>B>@>< AB>8B 25AL =0H <8@. 591=8F >B>645AB2;O; AC1J5:B0 A «l'âme même», B.5. A «A0<>9 4CH>9». AQ B>, GB> <K A?>A>1=K ?5@56820BL 8 8A?KBK20BL, 2:;NG0O 2A5 =0H8 7=0=8O >1 >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8 2=5 8 2>:@C3 =0A, 0 B0:65 2A5 =0H8 <KA;8 8 65;0=8O, 1078@C5BAO =0 >?KB5 MB>3> AC1J5:B0. =0=85 =0H53> A>1AB25==>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O, 2K@065==>5 2 45:0@B>2>< «cogito ergo sum», >AB0QBAO A0<K< 4>AB>25@=K< 87 2A5E ?>7=0=89, =5A<>B@O =0 >H81>G=>ABL 45;02H8EAO 87 =53> AC1J5:B82=>-8450;8AB8G5A:8E 2K2>4>2. =0G8B5;L=0O G0ABL 40==>9 :=838 ?>A2OI5=0 >?@>25@65=8N ?>4>1=KE 2K2>4>2. =0=85, <KH;5=85 8 2>;5=85, 4065 =01;N45=85 8 2>A?@8OB85, 8< ?@54H5AB2CNI55,  2AQ MB> ACBL 284K [AC1J5:B82=>9] 0:B82=>AB8. !B@0==>, GB> 4;O A0<>9 682>9, A0<>9 48=0<8G=>9 A8;K 2 <8@5 <K =5 =0H;8 =8G53> ;CGH5, =565;8 B5@<8= «AC1J5:B», B.5. ?@8G0AB85 ?@>H54H53> 2@5<5=8, 0 7=0G8B, =5GB> ?0AA82=>5! 0: 65 A;CG8;>AL, GB> 87 A;>20 «AC1J5:B», >1>7=0G0NI53> >A=>20=85 2AO:>3> 7=0=8O 8 >?KB0, <K >1@07C5< ?@8;030B5;L=>5 «AC1J5:B82=K9», inter alia >?@545;O5<>5 :0: «8;;N7>@=K9, D0=B0AB8G5A:89, ?@>872>;L=K9, ?@5427OBK9»?  :0:8< >1@07><  0 MB> ;>38G5A:0O ?0@0;;5;L B0:><C 4520;L28@>20==><C ?>=8<0=8N AC1J5:B82=>3>  <>65< <K ?@89B8 : B><C, GB> ?>?C;O@=> =07K205BAO «>1J5:B82=K<», 8;8, GB> B> 65 A0<>5, «A>>B25BAB2CNI8< G5<C-B> @50;L=><C»? ">B D0:B, GB> ?>4>1=K5 87KA:0=8O 2KE>4OB =0 C@>25=L >1K45==>3> ?>2A54=52=>3> O7K:0, ?>:07K205B, GB> <K 8<55< 45;> A =5:8< >1I5?@8=OBK< ?@54AB02;5=85< >1 >B=>H5=88 <564C 2>A?@8=8<0NI8< AC1J5:B>< 8 >1J5:B>< 53> 2>A?@8OB8O,  ?@54AB02;5=85<, ?>440NI8<AO O2=><C >?@545;5=8N, E>BO >=> >1KG=> =5 =>A8B >A>7=0==>3> 8 ?@>4C<0==>3> E0@0:B5@0. K 2A5 >A>7=05<, GB> =0@O4C A 2>A?@8OB85< 2=5H=59 @50;L=>AB8, <K ?5@568205< B0:65 8 >?KB =0H8E <5=B0;L=KE A>AB>O=89, 2 :>B>@>< AC1J5:B82=K5 8 >1J5:B82=K5 D0:B>@K 2708<=> =0:;04K20NBAO 4@C3 =0 4@C30. K =0CG8;8AL CG8BK20BL 8 :><?5=A8@>20BL B> 2>7459AB285, :>B>@>5 >:07K20NB =0H8 2=CB@5==85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O =0 2>A?@8OB85 =0<8 2=5H=59 @50;L=>AB8. >340 O 78<=8< 4=5< 2>72@0I0NAL 4><>9 A 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>9 ?@>3C;:8 8 :0A0NAL ;04>=LN I5:8 <>53> 2=C:0, B> >ICI5=85 2 ;04>=8 B0:>5, :0: 5A;8 1K C @51Q=:0 1K; 60@. > <=5 8 2 3>;>2C =5 ?@84QB 70?>4>7@8BL, GB> <0;LG8: 1>;5=, ?>A:>;L:C O 7=0N, GB> <>Q >ICI5=85 2K720=> A>1AB25==>9 B5<?5@0BC@>9 <>59 >7O1H59 @C:8. -B0 AB>;L 7=0:><0O 2A5< ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL A>1KB89 A;C68B E>@>H8< ?@8<5@>< ?@>F5AA0, 8<5NI53> DC=40<5=B0;L=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O =0H53> ?>7=0=8O >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8. = ?@81;8605B =0A : ?>AB865=8N 25I59 «:0: >=8 5ABL =0 A0<>< 45;5» 1;03>40@O CGQBC ?@>F5AA>2 8 CA;>289, 8<5NI8E <5AB> 2 A0<>< =01;N40B5;5. 1> 2AO:89 @07, :>340 =0< C40QBAO A>>B=5AB8 :0:>9-=81C4L M;5<5=B =0H53> >?KB0 A «AC1J5:B82=K<» D0:B>@><, 0 70B5< 8A:;NG8BL 53> 87 D>@<8@C5<>3> =0<8 >1@070 M:AB@0AC1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8, <K >:07K205<AO =0 H03 1;865 : B><C, GB> 1KB89AB2C5B =57028A8<> >B =0H53> ?>7=0=8O. K A>740Q< A2>9 >1@07 «>1J5:B82=>9» @50;L=>AB8 ?>A@54AB2>< A5@88 H03>2 ?>4>1=>3> @>40. 8@ >1J5:B>2, <0B5@80;L=K9 <8@ =0H53> >?KB0 >1@5B05B 045:20B=CN D>@<C B>;L:> ?>A;5 M;8<8=0F88 2A53> AC1J5:B82=>3> 8 A;CG09=>3>. 5@8BL 2 @50;L=>ABL 25I59 =0A 2 :>=5G=>< AGQB5 70AB02;O5B B> ?>AB>O=AB2>, A :>B>@K< ?>2B>@ONBAO >?@545;Q==K5 2=5H=85 2?5G0B;5=8O =0H53> >?KB0,  2A5340 >4=>2@5<5==> 8 2 B>< 65 A0<>< ?>AB>O==>< 8 C?>@O4>G5==>< >1@075, 157>B=>A8B5;L=> : 20@80F8O< 2=5H=8E >1AB>OB5;LAB2 8 =0H8< ?A8E>;>38G5A:8< ?@54@0A?>;>65==>ABO<. <5==> =52>A?@88<G82>ABL B0:8E 3@C?? D5=><5=>2 : AC1J5:B82=K< 8;8 A;CG09=K< 2;8O=8O< ?>1C6405B =0A @0AA<0B@820BL MB8 D5=><5=K 2 :0G5AB25 <0=8D5AB0F89 @50;L=>AB8, =587<5==>9 8 =57028A8<>9 >B 2AO:>3> 2>A?@8OB8O, ?@87=0205<>9 =0<8 B0:>2>9 8<5==> 2 A8;C ?@8ACI=>AB8 59 ?@51K20NI8E E0@0:B5@8AB8:. >B ?>G5<C O >?8AK20N 0:B82=>ABL, >15A?5G820NICN 01AB@038@>20=85 :>=AB0=B=KE A2>9AB2 @50;L=>AB8, ?>A@54AB2>< 3;03>;0 «>1J5:B828@>20BL», 0 5Q ?@>4C:BK 8 @57C;LB0BK  ACI5AB28B5;L=>3> «>1J5:B820F8O». =>385 D8;>A>DK, :>B>@K5 =5 ?@82K:;8 <KA;8BL 18>;>38G5A:8, =0E>4OBAO 2 ?;5=C 8;;N788, 1C4B> ?@>ABK< CA8;85< «2>;8 : >1J5:B82=>AB8» <K A?>A>1=K >A2>1>48BLAO >B 2A53> ;8G=>AB=>3>, AC1J5:B82=>3>, >B >4=>AB>@>==8E ?>4E>4>2, ?@54@0AAC4:>2, AB@0AB59 8 B><C ?>4>1=>3> 8 2>72KA8BLAO 4> ?>;>65=8O, A :>B>@>3> 2>7<>6=> 2K=>A8BL >:>=G0B5;L=K5 25@48:BK 8 2A5>1I85 F5==>AB=K5 AC645=8O. ;O B>3> GB>1K MB> AB0;> 2>7<>6=K<, =0< B@51C5BAO =0CG=>5 ?>=8<0=85 :>3=8B82=KE ?@>F5AA>2 2 AC1J5:B5-=01;N40B5;5. @>F5AA ?>=8<0=8O 8 ?@87=0:8 ?>AB8305<>3> >1J5:B0 <>3CB 87CG0BLAO B>;L:> >4=>2@5<5==>. «1J5:B ?>7=0=8O 8 8=AB@C<5=B ?>7=0=8O =5 <>3CB 1KBL ;538B8<=K< >1@07>< @0745;5=K, 0 4>;6=K @0AA<0B@820BLAO A>2<5AB=> :0: 548=>5 F5;>5»,  ?8A0; . @846<5= 2 AB0BL5, ?>A2OI5==>9 B5>@5B8:>-?>7=020B5;L=K< 273;O40< . >@0. !8;L=0O 25@A8O B@51>20=8O >1J5:B82=>AB8 >=> =8:>340 =5 1C45B C4>2;5B2>@5=0 ?>;=>ABLN, => B>;L:> 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 <K :0: CGQ=K5 ?@5CA?55< 2 ?>=8<0=88 2708<>459AB28O <564C 2>A?@8=8<0NI8< AC1J5:B>< 8 2>A?@8=8<05<K< >1J5:B><, <564C «8=AB@C<5=B>< ?>7=0=8O» 8 «>1J5:B>< ?>7=0=8O». /A=K9 ?>ABC;0B @846<5=0 C:07K205B ?CBL =0C:5, AB@5<OI59AO ?>=OBL ?@8@>4C :>3=8B82=KE DC=:F89 G5;>25:0.  40==>9 :=835 O ?KB0NAL ?>:070BL, A:>;L 40;5:> 2 MB>< =0?@02;5=88 ?>72>;ONB =0< ?@>428=CBLAO B5 >3@0=8G5==K5 7=0=8O, :>B>@K<8 <K @0A?>;0305< =0 A53>4=OH=89 45=L. !;54>20B5;L=>, O 1C4C @0AA<0B@820BL G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>=8<0=85 B0:8< 65 >1@07><, :0: 8 ;N1CN 4@C3CN D8;>35=5B8G5A:8 @07282HCNAO DC=:F8N, A;C60ICN 8=B5@5A0< 2K6820=8O,  B> 5ABL :0: DC=:F8N 5AB5AB25==>9 D878G5A:>9 A8AB5<K, 2708<>459AB2CNI59 A 2=5H=8< D878G5A:8< <8@><.  107>2>< ?@54?>;>65=88 > B><, GB> 8 :>3=8B82=K9 AC1J5:B, 8 >1J5:B 53> 2>A?@8OB8O 2<5AB5 ?@8=04;560B : >4=><C 8 B><C 65 B8?C @50;L=>AB8, 70:;NG5=> 8 5IQ >4=>, AB>;L 65 206=>5 ?@54?>;>65=85, 2 8AB8==>AB8 :>B>@>3> <K C15645=K.  8<5==>: 2AQ, =0H54H55 A2>Q >B@065=85 2 =0H5< AC1J5:B82=>< >?KB5, 2=CB@5==5 A2O70=>, >?8@05BAO 8 =5:8< B08=AB25==K< >1@07>< 845=B8G=> D878>;>38G5A:8< ?@>F5AA0<, 4>ABC?=K< >1J5:B82=><C 0=0;87C. "0:>9 ?>4E>4 : ?@>1;5<5 4CH8 8 B5;0 @0745;O5BAO 40;5:> =5 2A5<8 D8;>A>D0<8, => 8<5==> >= ?@54AB02;O5BAO <=5 5AB5AB25==K<. >340 :B>-B> 3>2>@8B, GB> 53> 4@C3 B>;L:> GB> 2>HQ; 2 :><=0BC, >=, :>=5G=> 65, =5 8<55B 2 284C B>;L:> ;8HL AC1J5:B82=> 2>A?@8=8<05<CN 4CHC A2>53> 4@C30, ;81> >4=> 53> B5;>, 4>ABC?=>5 D878>;>38G5A:><C =01;N45=8N; >= 8<55B 2 284C 8<5==> 8E 548=AB2>. "0:8< >1@07><, MB> =02>48B <5=O =0 <KA;L, GB> <K 4>;6=K 8AA;54>20BL 2<5AB5 8 >1J5:B82=K5 D878>;>38G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK, >15A?5G820NI85 ;N459 8=D>@<0F859 > 2=5H=5< <8@5, 8 AC1J5:B82=K5 D0:B>@K 8 A>1KB8O =0H53> >?KB0 8 ?>7=0=8O. 0H0 C15645==>ABL 2 548=AB25 G5;>25:0 :0: D878G5A:>9 ACI=>AB8 8 ?>7=0NI53> 87 >?KB0 AC1J5:B0 40QB ?@02> 2K2>48BL =0H5 ?>7=0=85 :0: 87 D878>;>388, B0: 8 87 D5=><5=>;>388. AA;54>20=85 B0:>3> @>40 4>;6=> ?@5A;54>20BL 42>9=CN F5;L: A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >=> AB@5<8BAO : A>740=8N B5>@88 ?>7=0=8O, 1078@CNI59AO =0 18>;>38G5A:>9 8 D8;>35=5B8G5A:>9 8=D>@<0F88, 0 A 4@C3>9  : ?>AB@>5=8N >1@070 G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 1K A>>B25BAB2>20; MB>9 B5>@88 ?>7=0=8O. -B> 7=0G8;> 1K A45;0BL 87 G5;>25G5A:>3> @07C<0 >1J5:B =0CG=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O  @8A:>20==>5 ?@54?@8OB85, :>B>@>5 <=>385 <KA;8B5;8 @0AF5=8;8 1K 5A;8 8 =5 :0: =5A;KE0==>5 1>3>EC;LAB2>, B> C6 ?> :@09=59 <5@5 :0: =0G8=0=85, ?@52>AE>4OI55 :><?5B5=F8N 5AB5AB25==KE =0C:, :0: «18>;>3878@>20=85». 0 MB> O >B25B8; 1K, GB> =8:0:>5 =0CG=>5 ?>=8<0=85 D878>;>38G5A:8E DC=:F89 G5;>25:0 =8:>8< >1@07>< =5 <>65B C<0;8BL F5==>AB8 2KAH8E D>@< AC1J5:B82=>9 0:B82=>AB8, 1078@CNI8EAO =0 MB8E DC=:F8OE. / =045NAL B0:65 ?>:070BL D8;>A>DA:8 >@85=B8@>20==K< 0=B@>?>;>30<, A ?>4>7@5=85< >B=>AOI8<AO : D878>;>388 8 18>;>388, GB> A?5F8D8G5A:8 G5;>25G5A:85 DC=:F88 8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 >1=0@C6820NB A2>N C=8:0;L=>ABL 8<5==> B>340, :>340 =0 =8E A<>B@OB 3;070<8 CGQ=>3>, :0: =0 ?@>4C:B 5AB5AB25==>3> :@50B82=>3> ?@>F5AA0. "0:>9 ?@87K2 : =0CG=><C 8AA;54>20=8N ?@8@>4K =0H8E :>3=8B82=KE ?@>F5AA>2 2K@0AB05B =5 B>;L:> 87 =0AB>9G82>3> B@51>20=8O >1J5:B820F88 ?>7=0=8O; >= >?8@05BAO B0:65 =0 25A:85 ?@0:B8G5A:85 8 ?@5645 2A53> MB8G5A:85 A>>1@065=8O. !CI=>ABL B>3>, GB> <K =07K205< G5;>25G5A:8< @07C<><, 70:;NG05BAO 2 =04K=48284C0;L=>< A8=B575 ?>7=0=8O, 2>;8 8 C<5=89, A>740==KE G5;>25G5A:>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN 0::C<C;8@>20BL ?5@540205<K5 >B ?>:>;5=8O : ?>:>;5=8N 7=0=8O. 4=0:> B>, GB> 2>7=8:05B 2 @57C;LB0B5, A0<> O2;O5BAO 682K< >@30=87<><, A8=B578@>20==K< 87 4@C38E 1>;55 ?@>ABKE >@30=87<>2. > :0:8< 1K =8 :070;>AL 53> ?@52>AE>4AB2> =04 MB8<8 >@30=87<0<8, C =8E >4=0 =5>B2@0B8<0O AC4L10  0 8<5==>, ?>4>1=> 2A5< 682K< >@30=87<0<, G5;>25G5A:89 @07C<, 0 7=0G8B 8 F828;870F8O, <>3CB AB@040BL DC=:F8>=0;L=K<8 45D5:B0<8. E >1>8E <>65B ?>AB8GL 1>;57=L. "0: GB> =5 B>;L:> CGQ=K9, => 8 2@0G, C :>B>@>3> 5ABL 5IQ 8 4@C385, 4065 1>;55 =0AB>OB5;L=K5 @57>=K, ?@87K20NB : A>740=8N =0CG=>9 :0@B8=K G5;>25:0. A20;L4 (?5=3;5@ 1K; ?5@2K<, :B> >A>7=0;, GB> F828;870F88 :;>=OBAO : 70:0BC 8 3815;8 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 4>AB830NB 2 A2>59 8AB>@88 B>G:8 «2KA>:>9 :C;LBC@K». = AG8B0;, GB> ACI5AB2CNB =5>B2@0B8<0O «;>38:0 2@5<5=8» 8 =5>1@0B8<K9 ?@>F5AA AB0@5=8O, =5ACI85 >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 C?04>: 8 703=820=85 2A5E «2KA>:8E :C;LBC@», 2:;NG0O 8 =0HC A>1AB25==CN. > :>340 O, :0: 2@0G 8 MB>;>3, =01;N40N A8<?B><K 70:0B0 =0H59 F828;870F88, O 157>H81>G=> 70<5G0N  4065 ?@8 2A59 =5?>;=>B5 =0H8E =0;8G=KE ?>7=0=89  @O4 48ADC=:F89 O2=> ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0. 5>1E>48<> 87CG8BL 1>;57=8 =0H59 F828;870F88  8 =5 B>;L:> 2 =045645 8E 2K;5G8BL, => 5IQ 8 ?> <5B>4>;>38G5A:8< A>>1@065=8O<, ?@8ACI8< 2AO:><C DC=40<5=B0;L=><C 8AA;54>20=8N. 1> ?0B>;>38G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O =5 B>;L:> =5 <5H0NB 8AA;54>20=8N ?>@06Q==>3> 8<8 >@30=87<0, => 8 >G5=L G0AB> 40NB :;NG : ?>=8<0=8N B>3>, :0: >@30=87< DC=:F8>=8@C5B. AB>@8O <548F8=K ?>;=0 B><C ?@8<5@>2, 0 2 D878>;>388 8A?>;L7>20=85 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE ?>2@5645=89  >1KG=0O 8 ?;>4>B2>@=0O <5B>48:0. ... 2. «8?>B5B8G5A:89 @50;87<»: 5AB5AB25==>=0CG=K9 ?>4E>4 : B5>@88 ?>7=0=8O #GQ=K9 A<>B@8B =0 G5;>25:0 :0: =0 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 >1O70=> A2>8<8 :0G5AB20<8 8 DC=:F8O<8, 2:;NG0O 8 2KA>:>@0728BK5 ?>7=020B5;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8, M2>;NF88, B.5. 4;8B5;L=><C ?@>F5AAC D>@<8@>20=8O, 2 E>45 :>B>@>3> 2A5 >@30=87<K ?@8E>4OB 2 A>>B25BAB285 A 2=5H=59 @50;L=>ABLN 8, :0: <K 3>2>@8<, «040?B8@CNBAO» : =59. -B>B ?@>F5AA ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>F5AA ?>7=0=8O, ?>A:>;L:C ;N10O 040?B0F8O : :>=:@5B=K< CA;>28O< 2=5H=59 @50;L=>AB8 ?@54?>;0305B CA2>5=85 =5:>B>@>9 <5@K 8=D>@<0F88 >1 MB>9 @50;L=>AB8. >4>1=K< 65 >1@07>< 0=0B><8G5A:>5 @0728B85, <>@D>35=8O ?@>872>4OB 2 >@30=8G5A:>9 A8AB5<5 0:BC0;L=K5 >1@07K 2=5H=53> <8@0. 2865=85 @K1K, D>@<0 5Q ?;02=8:>2 >B@060NB 384@>48=0<8G5A:85 A2>9AB20 2>4=>9 A@54K, :>B>@0O >1;0405B 8<8 =57028A8<> >B B>3>, 4286CBAO 2 =8E @K1L8 ?;02=8:8 8;8 =5B. 0: ?>=8<0; 5IQ QB5, 3;07 5ABL >1@07 A>;=F0 8 D878G5A:8E A2>9AB2 A25B0, :>B>@K5 40=K 8 ACI5AB2CNB 2=5 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, 2848B 8E G59-=81C4L 3;07 8;8 =5 2848B. "0: 65 ?>2545=85 ;N459 8 682>B=KE, 2 B>9 AB5?5=8, 2 :0:>9 >=8 040?B8@>20=K : A2>59 A@545, ACBL >1@07 MB>9 A@54K. @30=K GC2AB2 8 F5=B@0;L=0O =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 ?>72>;ONB 682K< >@30=87<0< ?>;CG0BL =C6=CN 8=D>@<0F8N >1 >:@C60NI5< <8@5 8 8A?>;L7>20BL 5Q 4;O 2K6820=8O. 065 B0:>9 <8:@>>@30=87<, :0: 8=DC7>@8O-BCD5;L:0 (paramecium), :>B>@0O, =0B0;:820OAL =0 ?@5?OBAB285, A=0G0;0 A;53:0 >BA:0:8205B >B =53>, 0 70B5< ?;K2QB =0C304 2 4@C3>< =0?@02;5=88, «7=05B» =5GB> 2 1C:20;L=>< A<KA;5 «>1J5:B82=>5» > A2>59 A@545. Objicere >7=0G05B «1@>A0BL 2...»: >1J5:B  MB> =5GB>, 1@>H5==>5 =0 =0H5< ?CB8; =5GB>, GB> ?@>B82>AB>8B 8 ?@5?OBAB2C5B =0<. =DC7>@8O «7=05B» B>;L:>, GB> 40==K9 >1J5:B 1;>:8@C5B 5Q ?@>42865=85 2 87=0G0;L=>< =0?@02;5=88; 70B> B0:>5 «7=0=85» 2K45@68B ;N1K5 :@8B5@88, :>B>@K5 <K A?>A>1=K ?@54JO28BL 5<C A 2KA>BK A2>59 15A:>=5G=> 1>;55 A;>6=>9 8 87>I@Q==>9 ?>78F88. K <>3;8 1K @073;O45BL 1>;55 C4>1=K5 4;O 8=DC7>@88 B@05:B>@88 42865=8O, =565;8 B5, :>B>@K5 >=0 A0<0 2K18@05B =0>1C<, => B>, GB> >=0 «7=05B»  MB> 01A>;NB=> B>G=>5 «7=0=85», 0 8<5==>, GB> >=0 1>;LH5 =5 <>65B 42830BLAO ?> ?@O<>9. AQ, GB> <K 7=05< > <0B5@80;L=>< <8@5, 2 :>B>@>< 682Q<, ?@>872>4=> >B =0H8E D8;>35=5B8G5A:8 M2>;NF8>=8@>202H8E <5E0=87<>2 CA2>5=8O 8=D>@<0F88,  <5E0=87<>2, 15A:>=5G=> 1>;55 A;>6=KE, G5< B5, :>B>@K5 2K7K20NB @50:F8N 871530=8O ?@5?OBAB28O C 8=DC7>@88, => AD>@<8@>202H8EAO =0 >A=>25 B5E 65 A0<KE ?@8=F8?>2. 0< =5 8725AB=> >1 >1J5:B5 =0CG=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O =8G53> 8=>3>, :@><5 B>3>, GB> <K C7=05< > =Q< =0 MB>< ?CB8. 7 A:070==>3> A;54C5B, GB> G5;>25G5A:CN A?>A>1=>ABL ?>=8<0BL @50;L=>ABL =5>1E>48<> @0AA<0B@820BL A @07;8G=KE B>G5: 7@5=8O, 2K@01>B0==KE M?8AB5<>;>3859 : =0AB>OI5<C 2@5<5=8. @0240, O ?8B0N >G5=L A:@><=K5 =04564K, GB> =0<8 1C4CB ?>=OBK ?>A;54=85 F5==>AB8 =0H53> <8@0, E>BO =5?>:>;518<> C1564Q= ?@8 MB><, GB> 2AO 8=D>@<0F8O, 4>AB02;O5<0O =0H8< :>3=8B82=K< 0??0@0B><, A>>B25BAB2C5B @50;L=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. "0:0O ?>78F8O >A=>20=0 =0 >A>7=0=88, GB> =0H :>3=8B82=K9 0??0@0B A0< ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >1J5:B82=CN @50;L=>ABL, :>B>@0O >1@5;0 A2>N =K=5H=NN D>@<C ?>A@54AB2>< :>=B0:B0 8 040?B0F88 : AB>;L 65 @50;L=K< 25I0< 2> 2=5H=5< <8@5.  MB>< >?>@0 =0H59 C1564Q==>AB8: GB>1K =8 A>>1I8;8 =0< =0H8 ?>7=020B5;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8, B0:>5 A>>1I5=85 A>>B25BAB2C5B G5<C-B> @50;L=><C. «G:8»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«>@30=K» 4;O 2>A?@8OB8O ;8HL B5E 0A?5:B>2 @50;L=>AB8, AG8B0BLAO A :>B>@K<8 1K;> 8<?5@0B82>< 2K6820=8O =0H53> @>40. "0: GB> A5;5:B82=>5 402;5=85 2K720;> : 687=8 8<5==> B0:>9 :>=:@5B=K9 :>3=8B82=K9 0??0@0B.  MB>< A<KA;5 =0H :>3=8B82=K9 0??0@0B AE>45= A :>3=8B82=K< 0??0@0B>< ?5@2>1KB=>3> >E>B=8:0 =0 :8B>2 8 BN;5=59, :>B>@K9 7=05B > A2>59 4>1KG5 ;8HL B>, GB> 8<55B 4;O =53> ?@0:B8G5A:CN F5==>ABL. 4=0:>, A:>;L =8 <0;> =0H8 >@30=K GC2AB2 8 =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 ?>72>;ONB =0< C7=020BL 8 ?>=8<0BL, => 8 MB> =5<=>3>5 4>:070;> A2>N F5==>ABL 8 7=0G8<>ABL =0 ?@>BO65=88 15AG8A;5==KE ;5B ?@0:B8G5A:>3> >?KB0, :>B>@K< <K 2?@025 3>@48BLAO,  2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 >= >:070;AO CA?5H5=. 1> <K >1O70=K 4>?CAB8BL, GB> C @50;L=>AB8 8<55BAO 8 <=>65AB2> 4@C38E 0A?5:B>2, 7=0=85 :>B>@KE =5 8<55B =5?>A@54AB25==>3> 687=5==> 206=>3> 7=0G5=8O 4;O B0:8E ACI5AB2, :0: <K  ?5@2>1KB=KE >E>B=8:>2 70 BN;5=O<8,  40 8 4;O ?>7=0=8O :0:>2KE C =0A =5B «>@30=>2», ?>A:>;L:C E>4 8 =0?@02;5==>ABL =0H59 M2>;NF88 =5 ?@54CA<0B@820;8 @0728B8O A@54AB2 040?B0F88 : =8<. K =5 A;KH8< B>3>, GB> ?5@5405BAO =0 G0AB>B0E, =54>ABC?=KE 4;O =0H8E A;CE>2KE @5F5?B>@>2, 8 =5 7=05<, A:>;L:> B0:8E G0AB>B ACI5AB2C5B. /  5AB5AB2>8A?KB0B5;L 8 2@0G. #65 2 N=>AB8 O >A>7=0;, GB> 2> 8<O ?@8=F8?0 >1J5:B82=>AB8 CGQ=K9 >1O70= @0718@0BLAO 2 D878>;>38G5A:8E 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E <5E0=87<0E, >15A?5G820NI8E 2>7<>6=>ABL G5;>25G5A:>3> >?KB0. #GQ=K9 4>;65= ?>=8<0BL 8E ?> B5< 65 A0<K< ?@8G8=0<, ?> :>B>@K< 18>;>3 4>;65= 7=0BL A2>9 <8:@>A:>? 8 ?>=8<0BL >?B8G5A:85 ?@8=F8?K 53> @01>BK, 0 8<5==> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =527=0G09 =5 ?@8=OBL 70 ?@87=0:8 >1J5:B0 8AA;54>20=8O =5GB> B0:>5, GB> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 2B>@305BAO 2 ?>;5 7@5=8O ?@82E>4OI8< >1@07>< 2A;54AB285 >A>15==>AB59 A0<>3> 8=AB@C<5=B0. 0?@8<5@, GB>1K =5 ?@8=OBL A8<?0B8G=CN @04C6=CN :0Q<:C, 2K720==CN ?;>E> >BH;8D>20==>9 ;8=7>9, 70 A2>9AB2> 87CG05<>3> 682>3> >@30=87<0. QB5 A>25@H8; ?>4>1=CN >H81:C, ?>AG8B02, GB> F25B0 =5 ACBL @57C;LB0B @01>BK =0H53> ?5@F5?B82=>3> 0??0@0B0, 0 D878G5A:85 A2>9AB20 A25B0 A0<>3> ?> A515. ... 0: O C65 3>2>@8;, B0:>9 273;O4 =0 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C =01;N40B5;5< 8 =01;N405<>9 25ILN AD>@<8@>20;AO C <5=O 5IQ 2 <>;>4>AB8, 2 B@84F0BK5 3>4K. >9 CG8B5;L 0@; N;5@ =0AB>9G82> 2=CH0; <=5, GB> B0:>9 ?>4E>4 =5 ?@>AB> A0<>>G52845=, => ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 2A5>1I55 =0G0;> 2A53> =0CG=>3> <KH;5=8O, 8 A53>4=O O :0: =8:>340 B2Q@4> C1564Q= 2 MB><.  O =5 >48=>: 2 MB>< C15645=88. "0:, 7=0<5=0B5;L=>, GB> 0@; >??5@ ?8H5B 2 «>38:5 =0CG=>3> >B:@KB8O» :0: > GQ<-B> A0<> A>1>9 @07C<5NI5<AO 8 =5 B@51CNI5< A?5F80;L=>3> 0=0;870: «5IL 2 A515 =5?>7=0205<0: <K <>65< ?>7=020BL B>;L:> 5Q ?@>O2;5=8O, 4>ABC?=K5 =0H5<C ?>=8<0=8N (:0: C:07K20; 0=B) 2 :0G5AB25 ?@>872>4=KE >B 25I8 2 A515 8 =0H53> A>1AB25==>3> ?5@F5?B82=>3> 0??0@0B0. "0:8< >1@07><, O2;5=8O  ACBL @57C;LB0B 2708<>459AB28O <564C =0<8 8 25I0<8 2 A515».  A2>5< >G5@:5 «-2>;NF8>==0O M?8AB5<>;>38O» >=0;L4 ". M<?15;; C1548B5;L=> ?>:070;, ?>G5<C 8 =0A:>;L:> =5>1E>48<> 4;O ?>=8<0=8O =0H53> :>3=8B82=>3> 0??0@0B0 7=0BL, :0:8< >1@07>< >= @0728;AO 8 AD>@<8@>20;AO D8;>35=5B8G5A:8. M<?15;; 8 22Q; A0< B5@<8= «38?>B5B8G5A:89 @50;87<» 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 40==>3> =0?@02;5=8O M?8AB5<>;>388. #:070==K9 ?>4E>4 B0:65 ?>;CG8; ?>445@6:C C <KA;8B5;O B0:>3> @0=30, :0: 0:A ;0=:, :>B>@K9 2 ;8G=>9 ?5@5?8A:5 2K@078; <=5 3;C1>:>5 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 B5<, GB> >B?@02;OOAL >B AB>;L @07;8G=KE ?@54?>AK;>:, <K 2<5AB5 ?@8H;8 : AB>;L AE>4=K< 2>77@5=8O< =0 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C D5=><5=0;L=K< <8@>< 8 <8@>< @50;L=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. 3. 8?>B5B8G5A:89 @50;87< 8 B@0=AF5=45=B0;L=K9 8450;87< ?;>BL 4> B>3> 4=O, :>340 2 1940 3. -4C0@4 0C<30@B5= 8 O 1K;8 871@0=K =0 :0D54@C . 0=B0 2 Q=83A15@3A:>< C=825@A8B5B5 2 :0G5AB25 ?>A;54=8E 53> ?>A;54>20B5;59, O ?@845@6820;AO 273;O4>2, 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2>202H8E F8B8@>20==><C 2KH5 ?>;>65=8N . >??5@0,  0 8<5==>, GB> B>, GB> O =0720; Weltbildapparat, 0 >??5@  «0??0@0B>< 2>A?@8OB8O», 157CA;>2=> <>6=> 1K;> >B>645AB28BL A :0=B>2A:8< ?>=OB85< >1 «0?@8>@8». 4=0:> MB>B 273;O4 >H81>G5=.  :0=B>2A:>< B@0=AF5=45=B0;L=>< 8450;87<5 =5B >B=>H5=8O A>>B25BAB28O <564C «Ding an sich», A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 ?@52@0I0NI8<8 5Q 2 G0ABL =0H53> >?KB0 0?@8>@=K<8 «D>@<0<8 A>75@F0=8O» (?@>AB@0=AB2> 8 2@5<O) 8 0?@8>@=K<8 D>@<0<8 <KH;5=8O (:0=B>2A:85 «:0B53>@88»)  A 4@C3>9. ">, GB> <K ?5@568205< 8 8A?KBK205<, =5 O2;O5BAO, ?> 0=BC, >1@07>< @50;L=>AB8, ?CABL 4065 3@C1K< 8 8A:06Q==K<. 0=B GQB:> ?>=8<0;, GB> ?@8ACI85 =0< D>@<K ?>AB865=8O 45B5@<8=8@>20=K ?@54ACI5AB2CNI8<8 AB@C:BC@0<8 ?>7=0NI53> 87 >?KB0 AC1J5:B0, 0 =5 D>@<0<8 ?>AB8305<>3> >1J5:B0. > >= =5 ?>=8<0;, GB> AB@C:BC@0 =0H53> 0??0@0B0 2>A?@8OB8O 8<55B :0:>5-B> >B=>H5=85 : @50;L=>AB8.  11-< ?0@03@0D5 @>;53><5=>2 : «@8B8:5 G8AB>3> @07C<0» 0=B ?8A0;: «A;8 1K :B>-=81C4L AB0; A><=520BLAO 2 B><, GB> ?@>AB@0=AB2> 8 2@5<O ACBL >?@545;5=8O, ?@8ACI85 2>2A5 =5 25I0< A0<8< ?> A515, 0 B>;L:> 8E >B=>H5=8O< : GC2AB25==>AB8, B> O 1K A?@>A8;: :0: MB> AG8B0NB 2>7<>6=K< 7=0BL a priori 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 4> 2AO:>3> 7=0:><AB20 A 25I0<8, B.5. ?@5645, G5< >=8 =0< 40=K, :0:>2> 1C45B 8E A>45@60=85?  254L 8<5==> B0: >1AB>8B 45;> A ?@>AB@0=AB2>< 8 2@5<5=5<». 0=B, =5A><=5==>, 1K; C1564Q=, GB> >B25B8BL =0 ?>AB02;5==K9 B0:8< >1@07>< 2>?@>A 2 B5@<8=0E 5AB5AB2>7=0=8O A>25@H5==> =52>7<>6=>.  B><, GB> =0H8 D>@<K A>75@F0=8O 8 :0B53>@88 <KH;5=8O =5 O2;ONBAO, :0: ?>;030; .< 8 4@C385 M<?8@8F8ABK, ?@>4C:B0<8 8=48284C0;L=>3> >?KB0, 0=B 2845; O2=>5 4>:070B5;LAB2>, GB> >=8 ;>38G5A:8 =5>1E>48<K  0?@8>@=K, 0 7=0G8B 8 =5 ?>425@65=K «M2>;NF88». ">, GB> 18>;>3, 7=0NI89 > D0:B0E, A2845B5;LAB2CNI8E 2 ?>;L7C M2>;NF88, AGQ; 1K >G5284=K< >B25B>< =0 2>?@>A, ?>AB02;5==K9 0=B><, 2 B5 2@5<5=0 1K;> 2=5 :><?5B5=F88 4065 25;8G09H8E <KA;8B5;59. @>AB>9 >B25B A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> A8AB5<0 >@30=>2 GC2AB2 8 =5@2=KE <5E0=87<>2, ?>72>;ONI0O >@30=87<0< 2K6820BL 8 >@85=B8@>20BLAO 2> 2=5H=5< <8@5, AD>@<8@>20;0AL D8;>35=5B8G5A:8, G5@57 :>=D@>=B0F8N 8 040?B0F8N : B5< D>@<0< @50;L=>AB8, :>B>@K5 <K 2>A?@8=8<05< 2 :0G5AB25 D5=><5=0;L=>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20. =0G8B, B0:0O A8AB5<0 ACI5AB2C5B 0?@8>@8  2 B>9 AB5?5=8, 2 :0:>9 >=0 ACI5AB2C5B 5IQ 4> B>3>, :0: 40==K9 :>=:@5B=K9 8=48284 2>>1I5 GB>-;81> 2>A?@8=8<05B, 8 4>;6=0 8<5BLAO 2 =0;8G88, GB>1K >?KB AB0; 2>7<>65=. > DC=:F8O MB>9 A8AB5<K B0:65 AD>@<8@>20;0AL 8AB>@8G5A:8, 8 2 MB>< A<KA;5 >=0 =5 0?@8>@=0. 0?@8<5@, 8=DC7>@8O 8<55B, B0: A:070BL, 45;> A >4=><5@=K< «A>75@F0=85< ?@>AB@0=AB20», => =0< =58725AB=>, A:>;L:> 87<5@5=89 ACI5AB2C5B 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 an sich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mutatis mutandis ?@8;>68<K : 2708<>>B=>H5=8O< <564C 2A5<8 2=CB@5==8<8 D>@<0<8 =0H53> ?>B5=F80;L=>3> >?KB0 8 D0:B0<8 >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8, :>B>@K5 MB8 D>@<K >?KB0 40NB =0< 2>7<>6=>ABL 2>A?@8=8<0BL 8 ?5@56820BL. "> 65 A0<>5 A?@0254;82> 8 2 >B=>H5=88 2@5<5=8: 8 745AL D878>;>3 <>65B C:070BL =0 <5E0=87<K, :>B>@K5 DC=:F8>=8@CNB :0: «2=CB@5==85 G0AK», :>=B@>;8@CNI85 =0H >?KB D5=><5=0;L=>3> B5G5=8O 2@5<5=8. A>1K9 8=B5@5A 4;O CGQ=>3>, AB@5<OI53>AO : >1J5:B820F88, ?@54AB02;O5B 87CG5=85 B5E ?5@F5?B82=KE DC=:F89, :>B>@K5 >15A?5G820NB =0H5 >?KB=>5 2>A?@8OB85 :0G5AB2, ?>AB>O==> ?@8ACI8E :>=:@5B=K< 25I0< >:@C60NI59 =0A A@54K. A;8, =0?@8<5@, <K 2>A?@8=8<05< =5:89 >1J5:B (A:065<, ;8AB 1C<038) :0: «15;K9» 4065 ?@8 B><, GB> =0 =53> ?040NB >BA25BK @07=KE >BB5=:>2 A @07=K<8 4;8=0<8 A25B>2KE 2>;=, B> MB0 B0: =07K205<0O :>=AB0=B=>ABL O2;5=8O 4>AB8305BAO @01>B>9 A;>6=59H53> D878>;>38G5A:>3> 0??0@0B0, :>B>@K9 2KG8A;O5B 8 >BA;568205B, A>87<5@OO ?040NI89 8 >B@06Q==K9 A25B, ?>AB>O==> ?@8ACI55 >1J5:BC :0G5AB2>, :>B>@>5 <K =07K205< 53> F25B><. @C385 =59@>D878>;>38G5A:85 <5E0=87<K ?>72>;ONB =0< 2845BL >1J5:B, =01;N405<K9 A @07;8G=KE AB>@>=, :0: A>E@0=ONI89 >4=C 8 BC 65 D>@<C, 4065 5A;8 53> >1@07 =0 A5BG0B:5 ?@5B5@?5205B <=>65AB2> 284>87<5=5=89. =>3> @>40 <5E0=87<K >15A?5G820NB =0< 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>=8<0BL, GB> >1J5:B, =01;N405<K9 A @07=>3> @0AAB>O=8O, A>E@0=O5B A2>8 @07<5@K, E>BO 53> >1@07 =0 A5BG0B:5 C<5=LH05BAO ?> <5@5 C40;5=8O. A8E>;>38G5A:85 DC=:F88, ;560I85 2 >A=>25 MB8E D5=><5=>2 :>=AB0=B=>AB8, ?@54AB02;ONB 1>;LH>9 8=B5@5A A B>G:8 7@5=8O B5>@88 ?>7=0=8O, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 2 B>G=>AB8 ?0@0;;5;L=K ?@>F5AAC >14C<0==>9 @0F8>=0;L=>9 >1J5:B820F88, >B=>AOI59AO : >?8A0==K< 2KH5 ?@>F5AA0<. 5@=Q<AO : >4=><C 87 ?@82>482H8EAO ?@8<5@>2. 0: 8 O, :>B>@K9 ?@8=O; 2> 2=8<0=85 B5<?5@0BC@C A2>59 ;04>=8 8 B5< A0<K< A45;0; AC1J5:B82=>5 2?5G0B;5=85, 1C4B> C <>53> 2=C:0 60@, 1>;55 «>1J5:B82=K<», B0: 8 =0H5 «AB@5<OI55AO : ?>AB>O=AB2C» 2>A?@8OB85 459AB28B5;L=>3> F25B0 >1J5:B0 83=>@8@C5B ?@5E>4OI85 ?5@5?04K >A25IQ==>AB8, GB>1K C;>28BL F25B>>B@060NI85 A2>9AB20 >1J5:B0, ?@8ACI85 5<C ?>AB>O==>. -B8 ?5@F5?B82=K5 ?@>F5AAK, :>B>@K5 A>25@H5==> =54>AO305<K 4;O =0H59 A?>A>1=>AB8 A0<>=01;N45=8O, AE>4=K A ?@>F5AA0<8 A>7=0B5;L=>9 >1J5:B820F88 8 01AB@0:F88, ?>72>;ONI85 =0< @0A?>7=020BL >B45;L=K5 :>=:@5B=K5 ACI=>AB8 2 >:@C60NI59 A@545  B0:85, :0: «25I8» 8 «>1J5:BK»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«5 ACI5AB2C5B >4=>9 25I8-2-A515, 5ABL <=>65AB2> 25I59-2-=8E-A0<8E». "0: 65, :0: 2>7<>6=> A@02=820BL @07;8G=K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 <5E0=87<K, ?>72>;ONI85 ;N4O< 872;5:0BL >?KB=>5 7=0=85 87 2=5H=53> <8@0, B0: <>6=> A@02=820BL 8 <5E0=87<K, >15A?5G820NI85 @07;8G=K< 2840< 682>B=KE ?@8>1@5B5=85 >B25G0NI59 8E ?>B@51=>ABO< 8=D>@<0F88, :0A0NI59AO >:@C60NI59 A@54K. 07=>>1@07=K5 B8?K 0??0@0B>2 2>A?@8OB8O @07=>@>4=KE 284>2 =587156=> 8 ACI5AB25==> >B;8G0NBAO 4@C3 >B 4@C30. =8 >B;8G0NBAO =5 B>;L:> ?> A?5F8D8G5A:><C C@>2=N @0728B8O 8 8=48284C0;L=K< >A>15==>ABO< @5038@>20=8O =0 @07;8G=K5 0A?5:BK A@54K. # @07=KE 284>2 2A5F5;> @07;8G=K5 «8=B5@5AK» : B5< 8;8 8=K< 0A?5:B0< >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8. "0:, :>=AB0=B=>ABL F25B0 ACI5AB25==0 4;O ?G5;K-<54>=>A0, :>B>@0O 4>;6=0 C<5BL @0A?>7=020BL :>=:@5B=>5 F25B:>2>5 @0AB5=85 ?> 53> =587<5==>9 8 A?5F8D8G5A:>9 >:@0A:5. ;O :>H:8 65, :>B>@0O >E>B8BAO 2 AC<5@:0E, F25B0 A>25@H5==> =5 8<5NB 7=0G5=8O, 59 B@51C5BAO B>=:>5 8 GCB:>5 2>A?@8OB85 42865=8O. !>20 4>;6=0 =0 A;CE >?@545;OBL <5AB>, >B:C40 4>=>AOBAO H>@>E8 <KH8=>9 2>7=8 8 B0: 40;55. 0 D>=5 =5>1JOB=>3> @07=>>1@078O 0??0@0B>2 2>A?@8OB8O >48= D0:B >1@5B05B ?5@2>AB5?5==>5 7=0G5=85: @07;8G=K5 A?>A>1K >B=>H5=8O : >4=><C 8 B><C 65 :>=:@5B=><C 0A?5:BC A@54K =8:>340 =5 ?@>B82>@5G0B 4@C3 4@C3C. 065 @50:F8O 871530=8O ?@5?OBAB28O C 8=DC7>@88 O2;O5BAO >B25B>< =0 2K7>2 B>9 65 A0<>9 @50;L=>AB8, :>B>@0O 2 =5A@02=8<> 1>;55 A;>6=>< 2845 ?@>ABC?05B 2 <8@5 G5;>25:0. >4>1=K< 65 ?@8<5@><, A >G5284=>ABLN ?>:07K20NI8<, GB> 682>B=K5 A 8E 1>;55 ?@8<8B82=K<8 =>@<0<8 @50:F89 8<5NB 45;> A B>9 65 A0<>9 >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>ABLN, GB> 8 3>@074> 1>;55 A;>6=K9 0??0@0B 2>A?@8OB8O G5;>25:0, <>65B A;C68BL A?>A>1=>ABL : >1@07>20=8N CA;>2=KE @5D;5:A>2,  A?>A>1=>ABL, :>B>@0O O2=K< >1@07>< ?@>O2;O5BAO =0 A0<KE @0==8E MB0?0E D8;>35=88 682>B=KE 8 =0E>48B A515 ?0@0;;5;L 2 A?5F8D8G5A:8 G5;>25G5A:>< ?>=OB88 ?@8G8==>AB8. 10  CA;>2=K9 @5D;5:A 8 ?>=OB85 ?@8G8==>AB8  <>3CB @0AA<0B@820BLAO 2 :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@>2, :0: 682K5 ACI5AB20 040?B8@CNBAO : B><C >1AB>OB5;LAB2C, GB> 2A5 B@0=AD>@<0F88 M=5@388 ?@54CA<0B@820NB A?5F8D8G5A:CN E@>=>;>38G5A:CN ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL 2>7<>6=KE >68405<KE A>1KB89. > E>4C 40;L=59H53> 87;>65=8O O 5IQ 25@=CAL : 0=0;>388 <564C CA;>2=K< @5D;5:A>< 8 ?@8G8==>ABLN. >;=0O A>3;0A>20==>ABL <564C ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 2=5H=53> <8@0, :>B>@K5 2K@010BK20NBAO AB>;L 3@><04=K< @07=>>1@0785< <8@>>B@060NI8E 0??0@0B>2, 2>7=8:H8E 8 AD>@<8@>202H8EAO =57028A8<> 4@C3 >B 4@C30 C AB>;L <=>3>>1@07=KE D>@< 687=8, 157CA;>2=> =C6405BAO 2 >1JOA=5=88. / AG8B0N 01AC@4>< 8A:0BL >1JOA=5=85 2 G5<-;81> 8=><, :@><5 B>3>, GB> 2A5 MB8 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 8 @07=>>1@07=K5 D>@<K 2>7<>6=>3> >?KB0 >BAK;0NB : >4=><C 8 B><C 65 @50;L=><C C=825@AC<C. 0: >4=064K O 2KA:070;AO ?>74=59 =>GLN ?>A;5 48A:CAA88 2 :Q=83A15@3A:>< 0=B>2A:>< >1I5AB25: «A;8 2A5 <K, ?@8ACBAB2CNI85 745AL, A>3;0A=K, GB> 2 40==K9 <><5=B =0 AB>;5 AB>8B ?OBL 1>:0;>2, B> O =5 ?>=8<0N, :0: :B>-;81>, 1C4CG8 2 74@02>< C<5, <>65B >1JOA=OBL A59 D0:B, 8=0G5 :0: ?@87=02, GB> :0:0O 1K "25IL 2 A515" =8 A:@K20;0AL 70 O2;5=85< "1>:0;", >=0 459AB28B5;L=> ?OB8:@0B=> ?@54AB02;5=0 =0 MB>< AB>;5». >A;54>20B5;L=K9 =5>:0=B80=5F >B25B8; 1K, GB> 7=0=85 > D878G5A:8E D0:B0E 8 ?@87=0=85 8E @50;L=>AB8 O2;ONBAO ?@54?>AK;:0<8 =0H59 25@K 2 B>, GB> <K A?>A>1=K >1@07>2K20BL >?@545;Q==K5 8458 >B=>A8B5;L=> 0??0@0B0 2>A?@8OB8O, D878G5A:CN @50;L=>ABL :>B>@>3> <K B>65 ?@54?>;0305<. >, ?@>4>;68; 1K >=, 8 B>, 8 4@C3>5 ACBL G0AB8 =0H59 «D878G5A:>9 :0@B8=K <8@0»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mutual elucidation]. A;8 A=0G0;0 =0?@028BL 273;O4 =0 =0H :>3=8B82=K9 0??0@0B, 0 70B5< =0 25I8, :>B>@K5 >= >B>1@0605B B5< 8;8 8=K< >1@07><, 8 5A;8 2 >1>8E A;CG0OE ?>;CG0NBAO @57C;LB0BK, 2708<=> ?@>;820NI85 A25B 4@C3 =0 4@C30, B> B0:>5 ?>;>65=85 45; <>6=> >1JOA=8BL B>;L:> =0 >A=>25 38?>B5B8G5A:>3> @50;87<0  B> 5ABL =0 >A=>25 ?@54?>AK;:8, GB> 2AQ ?>7=0=85 2K@0AB05B 87 ?@>F5AA0 2708<>459AB28O 2>A?@8=8<0NI53> AC1J5:B0 8 >1J5:B0 2>A?@8OB8O, :>B>@K5 >10 >48=0:>2> @50;L=K.  A0<>< 45;5, 40==>5 >1AB>OB5;LAB2> >?@024K205B :20;8D8:0F8N =0H53> M?8AB5<>;>38G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 2 :0G5AB25 38?>B5B8G5A:>3>.  MB>, :0: 8725AB=>, 70:>==> ;8HL 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 =0H5 4>?CI5=85 <>65B 1KBL D0;LA8D8F8@>20=> 40;L=59H8< >?KB><.  :>340 4065 =51>;LH>5 ?@>42865=85 2 ?>7=0=88 =0H53> 0??0@0B0 2>A?@8OB8O 2K7K205B =5:>B>@CN :>@@5:F8N :0@B8=K >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8, 0 =51>;LH>9 H03 2 ?>7=0=88 ACI=>AB8 A0<>9 @50;L=>AB8 ?>72>;O5B ?>425@3=CBL =0H 0??0@0B 2>A?@8OB8O 40;L=59H5<C :@8B8G5A:><C 8AA;54>20=8N,  B> <K A 5IQ 1>;LH8< ?@02>< <>65< AG8B0BL, GB> 40==0O B5>@8O ?>7=0=8O (5AB5AB25==>ABL :>B>@>9 =5 AB>8B ?CB0BL A =082=>ABLN) 25@=0. 4. 450;87< :0: ?@5?OBAB285 =0 ?CB8 ?>7=0=8O 450;87< 2 53> B@048F8>==KE 25@A8OE CB25@6405B, GB> 2=5H=89 <8@ =5 ACI5AB2C5B =57028A8<> >B A>7=0=8O, => B>;L:> ;8HL 2 :0G5AB25 >1J5:B0 2>7<>6=>3> >?KB0. "@0=AF5=45=B0;L=K9 8450;87< 0=B0 =5 ?>4?0405B ?>4 MB> >?@545;5=85, ?>A:>;L:C >= AG8B0;, GB> @50;L=>ABL «A0<0 ?> A515» [an sich] ACI5AB2C5B ?><8<> 2AO:>3> 2>7<>6=>3> >?KB0. 8G53> 87 B>3>, GB> O =0<5@5= 745AL 2KA:070BL =0AGQB ?@5?OBAB289, G8=8<KE 8450;87<>< ?>7=0=8N, =5 >B=>A8BAO : 0=BC, :>;L A:>@> 53> ?>ABC;0B >1 01A>;NB=>9 =5?>7=0205<>AB8 Ding an sich =8:><C =5 <5H05B @5D;5:B8@>20BL =04 2708<>>B=>H5=8O<8 D5=><5=0;L=>3> 8 @50;L=>3> <8@>2. 0 A0<>< 45;5 O 4065 ?8B0N 5@5B8G5A:>5 ?>4>7@5=85, GB> A0< 0=B, =5 AB>;L ;>38G=K9, => 3>@074> 1>;55 <C4@K9 2 40==>< >B=>H5=88, G5< =5>:0=B80=FK, 2 3;C18=5 4CH8 =5 1K; B0: C6 B2Q@4> C1564Q= 2 =5A2O7=>AB8 MB8E 42CE <8@>2. 0: 8=0G5, A?@0H8205BAO, <>3;> 1K 7@5;8I5 72Q74=>3> =510 =04 3>;>2>9 (:>B>@>5, A>3;0A=> 53> 65 ?>ABC;0BC ?@8=04;568B : <8@C O2;5=89, 157@07;8G=><C : F5==>ABO<) A=>20 8 A=>20 2K7K20BL 2 =Q< B> 65 A0<>5 GC2AB2> 1;03>3>25=8O, GB> 8 <>@0;L=K9 70:>=, :>B>@K9 «2=CB@8 =0A»? N1>9 G5;>25:, C :>B>@>3> =0 ?>G25 D8;>A>D88 5IQ =5 «70HQ; C< 70 @07C<», A>GBQB 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 ?@>B82>5AB5AB25==K< <=5=85, 1C4B> >:@C60NI85 =0A ?>2A54=52=K5 25I8 AB0=>2OBAO @50;L=K<8 B>;L:> ;8HL 1;03>40@O =0H5<C >?KBC. AO:89 =>@<0;L=K9 G5;>25: C1564Q=, GB> <515;L 2 53> :><=0B5 ?>-?@56=5<C ACI5AB2C5B 8 >AB0QBAO =0 A2>Q< <5AB5 8 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= 87 MB>9 :><=0BK 2K945B. #GQ=K9, 7=0NI89 >1 M2>;NF88, B2Q@4> C25@5= 2 @50;L=>AB8 2=5H=53> <8@0, :0: 8 2 B><, GB> A>;=F5 A25B8;> 704>;3> 4> B>3>, :0: ?>O28;AO ?5@2K9 3;07, A?>A>1=K9 53> C2845BL. 'B> 1K =8 AB>O;> 70 =0H8<8 8450;L=K<8 D>@<0<8 ?@>AB@0=AB20 8 2@5<5=8, 0 B0:65 M<?8@8G5A:8< ?@8=F8?>< ?@8G8==>AB8  2AQ MB> ACI5AB2>20;> A =0G0;0 2@5<Q=. @54AB02;5=85, 1C4B> 2AQ 3@0=48>7=>5 8, 25@>OB=>, 15A:>=5G=>5 <8@>740=85 AB0=>28BAO @50;L=>ABLN B>;L:> B>340, :>340 G5;>25: (:>B>@K9 A53>4=O 5ABL, 0 702B@0, 3;O48HL,  8 =5B 53>) C4>AC68205BAO 53> 70<5B8BL, H>:8@C5B B5E, :B> 8<55B 45;> A ?@8@>4>9  1C4L B> D5@<5@ 8;8 18>;>3,  =5 B>;L:> :0: ?>;=0O 8 =8 A G5< =5 A>>1@07=0O =5;5?>ABL, => 8 >B:@>25==>5 :>IC=AB2>.  A25B5 MB>3> A>25@H5==> C4828B5;L=> 2K3;O48B B>B D0:B, GB> =0 ?@>BO65=88 AB>;5B89 3;C1>G09H85 C<K, 25;8G09H85 D8;>A>DK, 8 ?@5645 2A53> ;0B>=, >AB020;8AL C1564Q==K<8 8450;8AB0<8 2 AB@>3><, >?@545;Q==>< =0<8 2KH5 A<KA;5 MB>3> A;>20. > 2A5E =0A  2 >A>15==>AB8 2 =5<F52  A A0<>3> 45BAB20 2:>;0G820;8 ?;0B>=8ABA:85 8450;8AB8G5A:85 ?@54AB02;5=8O  8 CG8B5;O, 8 25;8:85 ?>MBK, :>B>@K< <K 25@8;8 8 :>B>@KE ?>G8B0;8. > A B>9 ?>@K, :>340 <K AB0=>28<AO A?>A>1=K ?>-=0AB>OI5<C C482;OBLAO, <K 2K=C645=K 704020BLAO 2>?@>A><: :0:85 A>>1@065=8O <>3;8 ?@8=C48BL AB>;L <=>38E G5AB=KE 8 8AB>2KE 8AA;54>20B5;59 ?>7=0=8O 2845BL >B=>H5=8O <564C D5=><5=0;L=K< 8 @50;L=K< <8@0<8 2 AB>;L ?5@52Q@=CB><, 872@0IQ==>< 2845? / @8A:=C ?@54;>68BL >1JOA=5=85 40==><C ?0@04>:AC. B:@KB85 8=48284C0;L=>3> -3>, =0G0;> @5D;5:A88 4>;6=K 1K;8 >:070BL 3;C1>G09H55 8 =5873;048<>5 2;8O=85 =0 8AB>@8G5A:>5 @0728B85 G5;>25G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. 5 157 >A=>20=89 G5;>25:0 >?@545;ONB :0: «@5D;5:A82=>5 ACI5AB2>»; >A>7=0=85 65 B>3>, GB> A0< G5;>25: O2;O5BAO 75@:0;><, 2 :>B>@>< 8 1;03>40@O :>B>@><C >B@0605BAO ?@8@>40, ACI5AB25==> >B>720;>AL =0 2A5E ?@>G8E :>3=8B82=KE DC=:F8OE G5;>25:0, ?>4=O2 8E =0 2KAH89 C@>25=L 8=B53@0F88. -B> AB0;> B0:65 8 ?@54?>AK;:>9 ?@8=F8?0 >1J5:B820F88, :>B>@K9, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, 70;>68; >A=>2K 4;O 2A59 =0C:8. B:@KB85 @5D;5:A88, 25;8G09H55 >B:@KB85 2 8AB>@88 G5;>25G5A:>3> @07C<0, A@07C 65 ?>2;5:;> 70 A>1>9 8 25;8:CN 8 ?@8A:>@1=CN >H81:C  0 8<5==> A><=5=85 2 @50;L=>AB8 2=5H=53> <8@0. >7<>6=>, 2 MB>< 8 ?@>O28;>AL 2AQ 25;8G85 40==>3> >B:@KB8O: B0 >B>@>?L 8 ?>B@OA5=85, :>B>@K5 70AB028;8 =0H8E ?@54H5AB25==8:>2 CA><=8BLAO 2 >G5284=59H59 87 2A5E 25I59 =0 A25B5. Cogito, ergo sum («/ <KA;N, A;54>20B5;L=> ACI5AB2CN»)  8 B>;L:> MB> 4>AB>25@=>. > 2>B :B> <>65B 7=0BL 8;8 4>:070BL, GB> =5>1JOB=K9 <8@ 2>:@C3 =0A B>65 @50;5=? ;O A?OI53> 53> A=K <>3CB :070BLAO AB>;L 65 @50;L=K<8, AB>;L 65 O@:8<8, :0: 8 ?5@56820=8O =0O2C. 5 O2;O5BAO ;8 <8@ 2A53> ;8HL A=><? KA;8, ?>4>1=K5 MB8<, <>3CB >:070BL ACI5AB25==>5 2>7459AB285 =0 G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 B>;L:>-B>;L:> 2KH5; 87 ?>BQ<>: 2=5@5D;5:A82=>3> «682>B=>3>» @07C<0; 8, ?>=OB=>5 45;>, >1C@5205<K9 B0:8<8 A><=5=8O<8, >= 4>;65= ?>25@=CBLAO A?8=>9 : 2=5H=5<C <8@C 8 A:>=F5=B@8@>20BL 2AQ A2>Q 2=8<0=85 =0 2=>2L >B:@K2H5<AO 5<C 2=CB@5==5< <8@5. @52=53@5G5A:85 D8;>A>DK 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A2>Q< AB0;8 ?>ABC?0BL 8<5==> B0:8< >1@07><, 0 G8A;> 5AB5AB2>8A?KB0B5;59, :>B>@K5 B>;L:> =0G0;8 ?>O2;OBLAO, ?>H;> =0 C1K;L. A;8 273;O4C, >1@0IQ==><C 2>2=CB@L, >B:@K20NBAO 8AB8=K AB>;L ?>@078B5;L=>9 3;C18=K 8 7=0G8<>AB8, B>340 :0: 273;O4C 2>2=5  2 ;CGH5< A;CG05 B>;L:> ?@8=F8?K A=>2 8 D0=B0789, B> :><C, A?@0H8205BAO, 70E>G5BAO ?>A2OI0BL A2>N 687=L B@C4>Q<:8< 8AA;54>20=8O< 2=5H=53> <8@0, B5< 1>;55 GB> =5:>B>@K5 0A?5:BK ?>A;54=53> G0AB> AB>;L =5?@82;5:0B5;L=K? "0: ?>O28;0AL >1;0ABL 87KA:0=89, 70=OB0O ?>GB8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> G5;>25:>< :0: AC1J5:B><, 70:>=0<8 G5;>25G5A:>3> 2>A?@8OB8O, <KH;5=8O 8 GC2AB2>20=8O. 5@25=AB2>, ?@8?8AK205<>5 MB8< DC=:F8O<, 2:;NG0O DC=:F88 0??0@0B0 2>A?@8OB8O, ?>2;5:;> 70 A>1>9 B> ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 A;54AB285, GB> @50;L=>ABL 8 >1@07 @50;L=>AB8 ?5@5<5H0;8AL 4@C3 A 4@C3><: >1@07K, A>740205<K5 =0H8< 0??0@0B>< 2>A?@8OB8O, ?@8=8<0;8AL 70 A0<C @50;L=>ABL, 0 @50;L=K5 >1J5:BK  70 =5A>25@H5==K5 8 <8<>;5B=K5 B5=8 A>25@H5==KE 8 25G=KE 8459. Idealia sunt realia ante rem: @50;L=>ABL C=825@A0;L=>3> 15@QB 25@E =04 @50;L=>ABLN G0AB=>3>, >A>15==>3>. 45O «A>10G=>AB8», AB>;L 2>AE8B8B5;L=> 2KA<5O==0O ?>MB>< @8AB80=>< >@35=HB5@=><, 4;O 8450;8AB0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 1>;55 2KA>:CN @50;L=>ABL, =565;8 6820O A>10:0 8;8 4065 2A5 682K5 A>10:8, 2<5AB5 27OBK5. / =0E>6C >1JOA=5=85 MB>3> ?0@04>:A0 2 0=B@>?><>@D870F88 B2>@G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. >340 AB>;O@ 873>B>2;O5B AB>;, 845O AB>;0 8<55BAO C =53> 5IQ 4> 5Q «@50;870F88» 2 2845 70:>=G5==>3> 8745;8O. @><5 B>3>, 845O  MB> 8 =5GB>, 1>;55 A>25@H5==>5: 2 =59, =0?@8<5@, =5B ACG:>2, :0:85 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 4>A:0E; 845O AB>;0 1>;55 ?@>G=0 8 4>;3>25G=0, G5< @50;L=K9 ?@54<5B <515;8, 8 5A;8 24@C3 AB>; A;><05BAO 8;8 53> 8A?>@B8B 6C:-4@52>B>G5F, B> @5<>=B 8;8 873>B>2;5=85 =>2>3> AB>;0 ?@840AB 8455 ;8HL >G5@54=>5 D878G5A:>5 2>?;>I5=85. 4=0:> A>10:0, :0: 8 ?>402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> 25I59 2> 2A5;5==>9, =5 O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< G5;>25G5A:8E ?;0=>2. 45O A>10:8, :>B>@CN <K =>A8< 2 A>7=0=88, 5ABL 01AB@0:F8O, @>482H0OAO ?@8 ?><>I8 >@30=>2 GC2AB2 8 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 87 >?KB0 2>A?@8OB8O <=>65AB20 @50;L=KE A>10:. K C65 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 >B405< A515 >BGQB0 2 MB>< ?0@04>:A5, :>340 <0B5@80;L=K9 >1J5:B ?@8=8<05BAO 70 >1@07 B>3>, GB> =0 45;5 8 5ABL >1@07 MB>3> >1J5:B0. 5<FK 1>;LH5, G5< :0:0O-;81> 8=0O =0F8O, ?>3@O7;8 2 ?;0B>=>2A:>< 8450;87<5. «A5 1@5==K5 25I8  ;8HL A8<2>;K»,  ?8A0; 25;8:89 QB5, 8 A =8< =8:B> =5 A?>@8;. 065 8 A53>4=O <K 2AQ 5IQ 40;5:8 >B B>3>, GB>1K ?@5>4>;5BL ?@5?OBAB28O, :>B>@K5 MB0 25@0 2> 2=CB@5==89 >?KB 8 =54>25@85 :> 2A5<C 2=5H=5<C AB028B =0 ?CB8 8AA;54>20=8O ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. > =5402=53> 2@5<5=8 2A5 2;8OB5;L=K5 D8;>A>DK 1K;8 8450;8AB0<8. !>2@5<5==0O =0C:0 =0G0;0AL A 0;8;5O 157 :0:>9-;81> ?>4;8==>9 ?><>I8 A> AB>@>=K D8;>A>D88. =0 ?@>@>A;0 87 =>2KE A5<O=, 0 =5 ?CBQ< @50=8<0F88 402=> C30AH59 =0C:8 0=B8G=KE 2@5<5=. >20O =0C:0 >AB028;0 157 2=8<0=8O ?@>7@5=8O D8;>A>D>2, :>B>@K5 2 A2>N >G5@54L AB0@0B5;L=> 83=>@8@>20;8 =>2>5 5AB5AB2>7=0=85. "0:8< >1@07>< CB25@48;>AL @0745;5=85 =0 «A:CAAB2>» (2 7=0G5=88: 3C<0=8B0@=>5 ?>7=0=85) 8 A>1AB25==> «0C:C». «! B5E ?>@, :0: CB25@48;>AL MB> @0745;5=85 :C;LBC@K,  ?8A0; '. . !=>C 2 :=835 "25 :C;LBC@K",  2A5 >1I5AB25==K5 A8;K 25;8 A51O B0:, GB>1K >=> =5 B>;L:> =5 >A;01;>, => AB0;> 5IQ 6QABG5». 4=8< 87 B0:8E >1I5AB25==KE D0:B>@>2 AB0;> 2708<=>5 ?@57@5=85. "0:, =0?@8<5@, =5>:0=B80=5F C@B 5945@, <>9 :>;;530 ?> Q=83A15@3C, >?@545;O; =0C:C :0: «:C;L<8=0F8N 4>3<0B8G5A:>9 C7>AB8 <KH;5=8O», B>340 :0: <>9 CG8B5;L A:0@ %59=@>B 45702C8@>20; D8;>A>D8N :0: «?0B>;>38G5A:>5 15745;L=8G0=L5 A?>A>1=>AB59, 40@>20==KE G5;>25:C 4;O ?>7=0=8O ?@8@>4K». 065 B5 D8;>A>DK 8 CGQ=K5, :>B>@K5 1>;55 2KA>:>3> <=5=8O 4@C3 > 4@C35 8 ?8B0NB 2708<=>5 C2065=85, =5 64CB >B ?@>B82>?>;>6=>9 AB>@>=K :0:>3>-;81> ?@8@0I5=8O 7=0=8O, 8<5NI53> ACI5AB25==>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 8E A>1AB25==>9 @01>BK, 8 =5 AG8B0NB 4;O A51O >1O70B5;L=K< 4065 A;548BL 70 B5<, GB> ?@>8AE>48B ?> 4@C3CN AB>@>=C 701>@0. >B B0: 1K; 2>74283=CB 10@L5@, ?@5?OBAB2CNI89 ?@>3@5AAC G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>7=0=8O 2 B>< A0<>< =0?@02;5=88, 345 >= >A>15==> =5>1E>48<: 2 AD5@5 >1J5:B82=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O 2708<>459AB28O <564C ?>AB830NI8< @07C<>< 8 >1J5:B>< 53> 2>A?@8OB8O. >;3>5 2@5<O 5AB5AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C G5;>25:>< 8 <8@><, 2 :>B>@>< >= 682QB, =5 ?@82;5:0;8 : A515 8=B5@5A0 8 >AB020;8AL =587CG5==K<8. <5==> ?A8E>;>388 ?@8=04;568B 70A;C30 ?5@2KE ?>?KB>: A;><0BL 10@L5@ <564C 3C<0=8B0@=K<8 8 5AB5AB25==K<8 =0C:0<8. 5@2>?@>E>4F0<8 745AL AB0;8 35HB0;LB-?A8E>;>38 =0G0;0 =0H53> 25:0, E>BO ?>=0G0;C 8< <5H0;8 =525@=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B5>@88 M2>;NF88.  <8@5 A0<>9 =0C:8 >4=8< 87 ?5@2KE <KA;8B5;59, ?>?KB02H8<AO =025AB8 <>ABK <564C D878:>9, :0: =081>;55 DC=40<5=B0;L=>9 G0ABLN 5AB5AB2>7=0=8O, 8 M?8AB5<>;>3859, :0: 107>2>9 D8;>A>DA:>9 48AF8?;8=>9, 1K; 0:A ;0=:. %>@>H> 7=0NI89 CG5=85 0=B0, >= A45;0; @52>;NF8>==K9 H03, ?@54;>682 8=B5@?@5B0F8N :0B53>@88 ?@8G8==>AB8 (:>B>@0O 4;O B@0=AF5=45=B0;L=>3> 8450;87<0 0?@8>@=0 8 =5>1E>48<0) :0: ?@>AB>9 38?>B57K, :>B>@0O 4>;6=0 1KBL >B25@3=CB0, 5A;8 =5 A<>65B 1>;LH5 C4>2;5B2>@OBL M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=> CAB0=>2;5==K< D0:B0<, 8 70<5=5=0 8AG8A;5=85< 25@>OB=>AB59. 57 3;C1>:>3> 7=0=8O 0=B0 ;0=:C 5420 ;8 C40;>AL 1K A>25@H8BL MB>B ?@>@K2, 8<5NI89 @52>;NF8>==>5 7=0G5=85 :0: 4;O B5>@88 ?>7=0=8O, B0: 8 4;O A0<>9 D878:8. @>@K2 =0 4@C38E =0?@02;5=8OE >B D8;>A>D88 : 5AB5AB2>7=0=8N 1K; 4>AB83=CB =5A:>;L:8<8 D8;>A>D0<8, GL5 ?>=8<0=85 A<KA;0 >1J5:B820F88 AE>4=> A ?>=8<0=85< CGQ=KE-5AB5AB25==8:>2 8 :>B>@K5 ?>4E>48;8 : 8AA;54>20=8N G5;>25:0 A B5E 65 ?>78F89. / 8<5N 2 284C 0@;0 >??5@0 A 53> :=830<8 «1J5:B82=>5 7=0=85» 8 «>38:0 =0CG=>3> >B:@KB8O», >G5@: >=0;L40 M<?15;;0 «-2>;NF8>==0O M?8AB5<>;>38O» (1966), 0 B0:65 :=83C 0;LB5@0 >@B8 «5=5B8G5A:0O D8;>A>D8O». !0< O B>;L:> 2 7@5;K5 3>4K ?@8H5; : ?>=8<0=8N B>3>, GB> G5;>25G5A:89 @07C< 8 F828;870F8O <>3CB 8 4>;6=K 87CG0BLAO A@54AB20<8 <5B>4>;>388 5AB5AB25==KE =0C:. A:;NG5=85 :C;LBC@>;>38G5A:8E A>>1@065=89 87 <>8E 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE ?>8A:>2 >1JOA=O5BAO B@048F8>==K< @07>1I5=85< AF85=B87<0 8 3C<0=8B0@8AB8:8, B>340 :0: 4@C385 0A?5:BK 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 687=8 8=B5@5A>20;8 <5=O A A0<>3> =0G0;0 <>53> ?CB8 2 =0C:5. 0: C65 >B<5G0;>AL, O 402=K<-402=> ?@87=0; =5>1E>48<>ABL @0AA<0B@820BL M?8AB5<>;>38N :0: «?>7=0=85 <5E0=87<>2»  >A>15==> 2 MB>;>388, 345 >ICI05BAO 1>;LH0O, G5< 2 8=KE >1;0ABOE 18>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8, =5>1E>48<>ABL 7=0BL 3@0=8FK A>1AB25==>3> 0??0@0B0 2>A?@8OB8O. "0:8< >1@07><, E>BO C <5=O 8<5;0AL A2>O M?8AB5<>;>38G5A:0O ?>78F8O 8 O >A>7=020;, GB> G5;>25: >1;0405B 2@>64Q==K<8 =>@<0<8 ?>2545=8O, :>B>@K5 4>ABC?=K 4;O 87CG5=8O A ?><>ILN B5E=8:8 8 <5B>4>2 5AB5AB25==KE =0C:, <>8 87KA:0=8O 2=570?=> 1C:A>20;8, :>340 AB0;:820;8AL A> A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 8 DC=:F8O<8 G5;>25G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K.  :>=F5 :>=F>2 8<5==> D878: 271C=B>20;AO 2> <=5 ?@>B82 ?>4>1=>9 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 C7>AB8. @>3@5AA8@CNI55 703=820=85 =0H59 F828;870F88 AB>;L >G5284=> ?0B>;>38G=>, AB>;L >G5284=> >1=0@C68205B A8<?B><K C<AB25==>3> =54C30, GB> 2>7=8:05B :0B53>@8G5A:0O =5>1E>48<>ABL ?@8153=CBL : 4803=>AB8G5A:8< <5B>40< <548F8=K, GB>1K 8AA;54>20BL G5;>25G5A:89 @07C< 8 F828;870F8N. N1K5 CA8;8O 2>AAB0=>28BL @01>BC ?>2@564Q==>3> <5E0=87<0 4>;6=K >?8@0BLAO =0 7=0=85 53> CAB@>9AB20. 420 ;8 2>7<>6=> 70AB028BL 53> 2=>2L 70@01>B0BL 157 ?>=8<0=8O ?@8G8= :0: =>@<0;L=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O, B0: 8 ?>;><:8.  B> 65 A0<>5 2@5<O A;54C5B ?><=8BL, GB> ?>;><:0 G0AB> ?@82>48B : ;CGH5<C ?>=8<0=8N @01>BK A8AB5<K 2 =>@<0;L=>< @568<5. >;LH0O G0ABL ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 1>;57=59 8 @0AAB@>9AB2, C3@>60NI8E 2K6820=8N =0H59 F828;870F88, A2O70=0 A A>F80;L=K< 8 <>@0;L=K< ?>2545=85< G5;>25:0. 'B>1K 8A?@028BL ?>;>65=85, =0< =5>1E>48<> =0CG=>5 ?>=8<0=85 ?@8G8= 40==KE ?0B>;>38G5A:8E A8<?B><>2, 0 MB> B@51C5B >B =0A @07@CH5=8O 10@L5@0, @0745;ONI53> 3C<0=8B0@=>5 8 5AB5AB25==>=0CG=>5 ?>7=0=85, ?@8GQ< 8<5==> B0<, 345 >= A8;L=55 2A53> C:@5?;Q= A >158E AB>@>=. 1> ?>4>1=> B><C, :0: CGQ=K5-5AB5AB25==8:8 871530NB 2K=>A8BL F5==>AB=K5 AC645=8O, 3C<0=8B0@88 =0E>4OBAO ?>4 A8;L=K< 2;8O=85< 8450;8AB8G5A:>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O, 1C4B> 2AQ, ?>4;560I55 =0CG=><C >1JOA=5=8N, B5< A0<K< =5 8<55B >B=>H5=8O : F5==>ABO<. "> 5ABL 10@L5@ C?@>G820;AO :0: @07 2 B>< <5AB5, 345 >ICI05BAO A0<0O =0AB>OB5;L=0O =C640 53> ?@5>4>;5BL. $8;>A>DA:>5 A>>1I5AB2> AG8B05B :>IC=AB2>< =0AB0820BL =0 B><, GB> ?>2545=85 G5;>25:0, :0: 8 2A5E 8=KE 682KE ACI5AB2, AD>@<8@>20;>AL D8;>35=5B8G5A:8 8 >?@545;O5BAO =0A;54AB25==>ABLN. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, <=>385 CGQ=K5 G0AB> 2K@060NB =54>25@85 8 ?;>E> A:@K205<>5 ?@5=51@565=85, :>340 (:0: MB> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O MB>;>388) 8AA;54>20=85 =0G8=05BAO A =01;N45=89 8 >?8A0=89, 2<5AB> >1@0I5=8O : M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K< <5B>40< 8 >?@545;5=8N ?>=OB89 2 AB8;5, :>B>@K9 =07K20NB «B>G=K<» 8 «=0CG=K<». 8:><C 87 ?>4>1=>3> @>40 B5>@5B8:>2 =5 ?@8E>48B 2 3>;>2C, GB> LNB>= 8 5?;5@ >B:@K;8 70:>=K 42865=8O =515A=KE B5; 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0 >A=>25 =01;N45=89 8 >?8A0=89, =5 ?@>254O =8 548=>3> M:A?5@8<5=B0. "5< 1>;55 8< =524><Q:, GB> MB8 <5B>4K ?@825;8 : >B:@KB8N ?@8=F8?>2, 3>@074> <5=55 4>ABC?=KE M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 ?@>25@:5, G5< 70:>= 2A5<8@=>3> BO3>B5=8O,  ?@8=F8?>2, :>B>@K<8 @C:>2>4AB2C5BAO =0H5 A>1AB25==>5 <>@0;L=>-MB8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85. B0:, ?CBL : G5;>25G5A:><C A0<>?>7=0=8N >AB0QBAO =0?@>GL 701;>:8@>20==K<. 5<=>385, B>;L:> >G5=L =5<=>385, AB0@0NBAO CAB@0=8BL 745AL ?@5?OBAB28O; ?@0240, G8A;> B0:8E CGQ=KE @0ABQB, :0: @0ABCB 8E ?@540==>ABL 45;C 8 C1564Q==>ABL, GB> >B 8E CA8;89 8 CA?5E0 7028A8B AC4L10 G5;>25G5AB20. 5 A><=520NAL, GB> 8AB8=0 2 :>=5G=>< AGQB5 2>AB>@65AB2C5B. > >AB0QBAO B@52>6=K9 2>?@>A: =5 A;8H:>< ;8 ?>74=> 1C45B >45@60=0 ?>1540? 50;8AB C?>@=> >BAB08205B CAB@5<;Q==>ABL 8AA;54>20B5;LA:>3> 273;O40 2>2=5, =5 >B4020O A515 >BGQB0, GB> A0< O2;O5BAO 75@:0;><. 450;8AB =0AB08205B =0 B><, GB>1K A<>B@5BLAO B>;L:> 2 A0<> 75@:0;>, >B2@0I0O A2>9 27>@ >B 2=5H=53> <8@0.  MB> 7=0G8B, GB> >=8 >10 =5 40NB A515 B@C40 ?>=OBL, GB> C 2AO:>3> 75@:0;0 5ABL >1>@>B=0O AB>@>=0. > MB0 >1>@>B=0O AB>@>=0 A0<0 ?> A515 =8G53> =5 >B@0605B, 8 2 MB>< A<KA;5 75@:0;> >B=>A8BAO : B><C 65 @>4C >1J5:B>2, :>B>@K5 >B@060NBAO 2 =Q<. $878>;>38G5A:89 <5E0=87<, 2 GL8 DC=:F88 2E>48B ?>AB865=85 @50;L=>3> <8@0, A0< =5 <5=55 @50;5=, G5< <8@. <5==> MB0 AB>@>=0 75@:0;0 8 A;C68B ?@54<5B>< <>59 :=838. ''! # 1. #=8:0;L=>ABL G5;>25:0 # <5=O 1K;8 25A:85 >A=>20=8O, GB>1K ?>A2OB8BL 2AN 2B>@CN 3;02C D5=><5=C «fulguratio»  «B2>@G5A:>9 2A?KH:5»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« 07;8G85 <564C F0@AB2>< =0A5:><KE 8 G5;>25G5A:8< >1I5AB2>< =5 O2;O5BAO, :0: MB> >1I5?@8=OB> ?>;030BL, @07;8G85< <564C ?@>ABK< 02B><0B87<><, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 A;>6=K< A>F80;L=K< 02B><0B87<>< 8 A>F8>:C;LBC@=K< A>7=0=85<  A 4@C3>9, => @07;8G85< :C;LBC@K A 1>;LH>9 8=AB8=:B82=>9 :><?>=5=B>9 8 =57=0G8B5;L=>9 :><?>=5=B>9 =0CG5=8O, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 8 :C;LBC@>9 A 1>;LH>9 :><?>=5=B>9 =0CG5=8O  A 4@C3>9»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«$8;>A>DA:0O 0=B@>?>;>38O» . . N:A ?8H5B: «">, GB> G5;>25: D8;>35=5B8G5A:8 1;87>: : =5:>B>@K< 2840< 682>B=KE, 0 8<5==> 0=B@>?>840<, >15A?5G8205B 107>2>5 >?@0240=85 4;O >A2OIQ==>3> 2@5<5=5< @07;8G8O <564C 682>B=K<8 8 G5;>25:>< 8 ?>:07K205B, GB> MB> =5GB> 1>;LH55, =565;8 ?5@8>48G5A:8 ?>2B>@ONI89AO ?>?C;O@=K9 ;59B<>B82 8;8 C4>1=K9 AB8;8AB8G5A:89 ?@8Q<». !;54>20B5;L=>, N:A >B25@305B ;N1K5 2K2>4K, >A=>20==K5 =0 0=0;>388 <564C 682>B=K< 8 G5;>25G5A:8< ?>2545=85<, @0AA<0B@820O 8E :0: @57C;LB0BK «A@02=8B5;L=> 1572@54=>9 D>@<K =51@56=>3> <KH;5=8O». $8;>A>DA:0O 0=B@>?>;>38O «?>:07K205B, GB> G5;>25:  MB> ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 ?@5645 2A53> 4>;6=> A>740BL A2>9 A>1AB25==K9 <8@; 7=0G8B "040?B0F8O" ?@52@0I05BAO 2 ?CAB>5 A;>2>, 5A;8 B>, : G5<C =C6=> 040?B8@>20BLAO, A0<> =5 =5AQB =0 A515 ?5G0BL A>740==>3> G5;>25:><». ;O N:A0 ?@8=F8? 040?B0F88  «MB> M?8AB5<>;>38G5A:>5 GC4>28I5, :>B>@>5 ?@>4>;605B 68BL B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> :065BAO ?>;57=K< 4;O MB>;>3>2»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«E80BCA><»  B.5. 25;8:>9 ?@>?0ABLN <564C 42C<O @07=K<8 C@>2=O<8 ACI5AB2>20=8O, :>B>@0O ?@>;53;0 <564C =8<8 2 @57C;LB0B5 «B2>@G5A:>9 2A?KH:8»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«78ONICN ?@>?0ABL 2 AB@C:BC@5 KB8O» ?> 0=0;>388 A B>9 ?@>?0ABLN, GB> ACI5AB2C5B «3>@074> =865 ?A8E>D878G5A:>3> 45;5=8O =0 >@30=8G5A:CN 8 =5>@30=8G5A:CN ?@8@>4C». ">;L:> 2 >4=>< O =5 <>3C A>3;0A8BLAO A MB8< 25;8:8< <KA;8B5;5<.  40==>< A;CG05 @5GL 84QB > 42CE ?@8=F8?80;L=> @07=KE ?@>1;5<0E. @5645 2A53>, 2K@065=85 «3>@074> =865» A>45@68B :>@5==CN >H81:C. 5;> =5 2 3>@87>=B0;L=>< @0A:>;5 <564C AC1J5:B82=K< >?KB>< 8 D878>;>38G5A:8<8 A>1KB8O<8 8 =5 2 @0745;5=88 =0 2KAH55 8 =87H55, A;>6=>5 8 M;5<5=B0@=>5; 2AQ 45;> 2 25@B8:0;L=>9 @0745;8B5;L=>9 ;8=88, ?@>=87K20NI59 2AN =0HC ?@8@>4C. ABL M;5<5=B0@=K5 =5@2=K5 ?@>F5AAK, A>?@>2>6405<K5 <>I=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8, 0 A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 5ABL 2KA>:>A;>6=K5 ?@>F5AAK, 0=0;>38G=K5 @0F8>=0;L=K< ?@>F54C@0<, => A>25@H5==> «=5>A>7=0205<K5» 8 =54>ABC?=K5 A0<>=01;N45=8N. > 2@5<5=0 0@B<0=0 ?5@A?5:B820 =02545=8O <>AB>2 G5@57 ?@>?0ABL <564C >@30=8G5A:8< 8 =5>@30=8G5A:8< ?>A@54AB2>< «:>=B8=CC<0 D>@<» :070;0AL AB>;L 65 >B40;Q==>9, :0: 8 @5H5=85 ?@>1;5<K >B=>H5=8O 4CH8 8 B5;0; ?>MB><C 0@B<0= <>3 ?> ?@02C A:070BL: «>4;8==>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 687=8 A 5Q A0<>@53C;OF859 <5B01>;87<0 8 A?>A>1=>ABLN : A0<>2>A?@>872>4AB2C  5ABL =5GB> B0:>5, G53> <K 4> A8E ?>@ =5 2 A>AB>O=88 4>:070BL». > A B5E ?>@ CB5:;> =5<0;> 2>4K, 8 2 18>:815@=5B8:5 8 18>E8<88 1K;8 A45;0=K =0 A59 AGQB <=>3>>15I0NI85 >B:@KB8O :>=AB8BCB82=KE DC=:F89 687=8, B0: GB> A53>4=O >B=N4L =5 1K;> 1K CB>?859 =045OBLAO, GB> 2 >1>7@8<>< 1C4CI5< <K 1C45< A?>A>1=K >1JOA=8BL 02B>=><=K5 ?@8=F8?K >@30=8G5A:>9 687=8 2 B5@<8=0E 5Q <0B5@80;L=KE AB@C:BC@ 8 8E M2>;NF88.  ;N1>< A;CG05, =5 ACI5AB2C5B ?@8=F8?80;L=>9 =52>7<>6=>AB8 B>3>, GB> ?> <5@5 @>AB0 =0H8E ?>7=0=89 <>AB <564C >@30=8G5A:8< 8 =5>@30=8G5A:8< ?>A@54AB2>< «:>=B8=CC<0 D>@<»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«0;>38G5A:8<». 0==0O :=830 =5 AB028B ?5@54 A>1>9 7040G8 @5H8BL ?@>1;5<C «4CH0-B5;>». 0A 8=B5@5AC5B 745AL 548=AB25==> B>B D0:B, GB> ?@>?0ABL <564C D878G5A:8< 8 4CE>2=K< =>A8B ?@8=F8?80;L=> 8=>9 E0@0:B5@, =565;8 ?@>?0ABL <564C >@30=8G5A:8< 8 =5>@30=8G5A:8<, 0 B0:65 G5;>25:>< 8 682>B=K<8. 10 ?>A;54=8E @0745;5=8O >1=0@C6820NB ?5@5E>4K 8 15@CB A2>Q =0G0;> >B =5:>53> C=8:0;L=>3> A>1KB8O 2 M2>;NF88 <8@0. =CB@8 MB8E @0745;5=89 =5 B>;L:> <>6=> =025AB8 <>ABK ?>A@54AB2>< B5>@5B8G5A:>3> :>=B8=CC<0 ?@><56CB>G=KE D>@<, => =0< 8725AB=> B0:65, GB> MB8 ?@><56CB>G=K5 D>@<K 2 A2>Q 2@5<O 459AB28B5;L=> ACI5AB2>20;8. ABL 425 ?@8G8=K, ?>G5<C C:070==0O ?@>?0ABL :065BAO =5?@5>4>;8<>9. 4=0 87 =8E, >1I0O 4;O >1>8E A;CG052, B0, GB> ?5@5E>4=K5 D>@<K 1K;8 =5AB018;L=K, B> 5ABL ?@54AB02;O;8 A>1>9 1KAB@> ?@5E>4OI85 D07K ?@>F5AA0. @C30O ?@8G8=0  M2>;NF8>==K9 H03 2?5@Q4 2 >1>8E A;CG0OE 1K; AB>;L 25;8:, GB> A>74020; >1H8@=K9 ?@>15; <564C 42C<O 3@0=8G=K<8 B>G:0<8 B>;L:> GB> A>25@HQ==>3> A:0G:0. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, «E80BCA» <564C 4CH>9 8 B5;>< 459AB28B5;L=> =5?@5>4>;8<, =52>AA>548=8<  E>BO, 2>7<>6=>, 8 «B>;L:> 4;O =0A», :0: ?>;030; . 0@B<0=, B> 5ABL A@54AB20<8 B>3> :>3=8B82=>3> 0??0@0B0, :>B>@K< <K @0A?>;0305<. 4=0:> O =5 4C<0N, GB> B0:>5 >3@0=8G5=85 =0;>65=> =0 =0A A>2@5<5==K< A>AB>O=85< =0H53> 7=0=8O 8;8 GB> 4065 CB>?8G5A:8 2KA>:85 4>AB865=8O =0C:8 :>340-;81> ?@81;87OB =0A : @5H5=8N MB>9 ?@>1;5<K. 2B>=><8N ;8G=>AB=>3> >?KB0 8 53> 70:>=K 2 ?@8=F8?5 =5;L7O >1JOA=8BL =0 >A=>25 D878G5A:8E 8;8 E8<8G5A:8E 70:>=>2, @02=> :0: 8 =0 O7K:5 A:>;L C3>4=> A;>6=KE =59@>D878>;>38G5A:8E AB@C:BC@. 25 4@C385 25;8:85 ?@>?0AB8  <564C >@30=8G5A:8< 8 =5>@30=8G5A:8<, 0 B0:65 <564C G5;>25:>< 8 682>B=K<8  «70<>AB8BL» <>6=>, ?>A:>;L:C M2>;NF8>==K5 ?@>F5AAK 2 >1>8E :>=B5:AB0E ?>440NBAO 8AA;54>20=8O< A@54AB20<8 5AB5AB2>7=0=8O: >=8 =0 A0<>< 45;5 B08=AB25==K< >1@07>< ?>4>1=K. 0@0;;5;87<  <K 2K=C645=K =0720BL 53> 0=0;>3859  <564C MB8<8 42C<O «B2>@G5A:8<8 2A?KH:0<8», 25;8G09H8<8 2 8AB>@88 =0H59 ?;0=5BK, 70AB02;O5B 3;C1>:> 704C<0BLAO.  ?5@2>9 3;025 O ?KB0;AO ?>:070BL, GB> 687=L :0: B0:>20O 2 >4=>< 87 A2>8E ACI5AB25==KE 0A?5:B>2 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 :>3=8B82=K9 ?@>F5AA. 87=L >1@5;0 ACI5AB2>20=85 A «87>1@5B5=85<» AB@C:BC@K, A?>A>1=>9 A>18@0BL 8 A>E@0=OBL 8=D>@<0F8N, >4=>2@5<5==> 872;5:0O 87 >:@C60NI53> <8@0 8 =0:0?;820O M=5@38N, 4>AB0B>G=CN 4;O ?>445@60=8O A25B>G0 ?>7=0=8O. =570?=>5 B2>@5=85 B0:>3> :>3=8B82=>3> 0??0@0B0 >1@07>20;> ?5@2K9 25;8:89 2>4>@0745; 2 1KB88. B>@>9 25;8:89 2>4>@0745;  <564C 2KAH8<8 682>B=K<8 8 G5;>25:><  1K; 2K720= 4@C3>9 «B2>@G5A:>9 2A?KH:>9», :>B>@0O (?>4>1=> ?5@2>9) A>740;0 =>2K9 :>3=8B82=K9 0??0@0B. 0 2AQ< ?@>BO65=88 2@5<5=8  >B 28@CA>>1@07=KE ?@54H5AB25==8:>2 682KE >@30=87<>2 8 2?;>BL 4> =0H8E 1;8609H8E 682>B=KE ?@54:>2  AB@C:BC@0 8 <5E0=87<K A1>@0 040?B82=>9 8=D>@<0F88 >AB020;8AL, ?> ACB8, =587<5==K<8. >=5G=>, 8=48284C0;L=>5 >1CG5=85 =0G8=05B, ?> <5@5 CA;>6=5=8O F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, 83@0BL 2AQ 2>7@0AB0NICN @>;L, 8 4065 B@0=A;OF8O =0:>?;5==>3> 7=0=8O >B ?>:>;5=8O : ?>:>;5=8N ?@8720=0 >15A?5G8BL ?@>G=CN A>E@0==>ABL 8<5==> B0:>3> @>40 >?KB0. > 5A;8 <K A@02=8< :>;8G5AB2> 8 4>;3>25G=>ABL 8=D>@<0F88, ?>;CG5==>9 1;03>40@O >1CG5=8N 8 ?5@540==>9 ?> B@048F88, A 8=D>@<0F859, E@0=OI59AO 2 35=><5, B> <>6=> A45;0BL B>;L:> B>B 2K2>4, GB> 4065 C 2KAH8E 0=B@>?>84>2 @0745;5=85 B@C40 <564C 35=><>< 8 B5<8 <5E0=87<0<8, :>B>@K5 2>A?@8=8<0NB B5:CICN 8=D>@<0F8N 8 70:@5?;ONB 5Q 2 =02K:0E, >AB0QBAO, ?> ACI5AB2C, B0:8< 65. 065 B>, G5<C <>65B A0<0O C<=0O >157LO=0 =0CG8BLAO 8=48284C0;L=> 8;8 GB> >=0 A?>A>1=0 CA2>8BL 87 3@C??>2>3> >?KB0 A2>59 AB08, A>AB02;O5B (5A;8 1K <>6=> 1K;> 2K@078BL MB> :>;8G5AB25==> 2 «18B0E» 8=D>@<0F88) ;8HL =8GB>6=> <0;CN 4>;N 8=D>@<0F88, 70?0AQ==>9 2 35=><5 5Q 2840. 065 B> 7=0=85, :>B>@>5 A>45@68BAO 2 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 =C:;5>B84>2 =87H8E >@30=87<>2, 5A;8 53> 2K@078BL 2 A;>20E, 70?>;=8;> 1K <=>65AB2> B>;ABKE B><>2. "0:8< >1@07><, <K ?@5=51@53;8 1K B>;L:> >G5=L <0;K< :>;8G5AB2>< 8=D>@<0F88 (8<55BAO 2 284C B0, GB> ?>;CG5=0 2 ?@>F5AA5 =0CG5=8O), 5A;8 1K AB0;8 CB25@640BL, GB> =0 ?@>BO65=88 3@><04=KE ?5@8>4>2 75<=>9 8AB>@88, 2 E>45 :>B>@KE 687=L ?@>:;04K20;0 A515 ?CBL >B >@30=87<>2, 3>@074> 1>;55 ?@8<8B82=KE, G5< A>2@5<5==K5 10:B5@88, : G5;>25:>>1@07=K< ?@8<0B0<,  8<5==> <>;5:C;O@=K5 F5?>G:8 35=><0 >B25G0;8 70 DC=:F88 A1>@0, E@0=5=8O 8 =0@0I820=8O 7=0=89. 0B5< 2=570?=>, 2 :>=F5 B@5B8G=>3> ?5@8>40, ?>O2;O5BAO A>25@H5==> 8=0O >@30=8G5A:0O A8AB5<0, :>B>@0O >1;040;0 A?>A>1=>ABLN @5H0BL B5 65 7040G8 1KAB@55 8 MDD5:B82=55. A;8 ?>?KB0BLAO 40BL >?@545;5=85 87=8, 2 =53> >1O70B5;L=> A;54C5B 2:;NG8BL DC=:F8N A1>@0 8 =0:>?;5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 2 A>2>:C?=>AB8 A> AB@C:BC@=K<8 <5E0=87<0<8 35=><0, >15A?5G820NI8<8 @5H5=85 MB>9 7040G8. 4=0:> ?>4>1=>5 >?@545;5=85 =5 2:;NG0;> 1K 2 A51O A?5F8D8G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 G5;>25:0. BACBAB2>20;> 1K C:070=85 =0 B>, GB> :>=AB8BC8@C5B 687=L G5;>25G5A:>3> @07C<0  0 MB>, 157 ?@5C25;8G5=8O, =>2K9 B8? 687=8. 1@0B8<AO B5?5@L : ACI=>AB8 MB>9 687=8. 2. 0A;54>20=85 ?@8>1@5BQ==KE ?@87=0:>2 1CG0NI55AO ?>2545=85, C65 25AL<0 @0728B>5 8 8<5NI55 206=>5 7=0G5=85 C 2KAH8E 682>B=KE, 83@05B =587<5@8<> 1>;55 7=0G8<CN @>;L C G5;>25:0. -B> AB0=>28BAO 2>7<>6=K< 1;03>40@O @5D;5:A88 8 ?>=OB89=><C <KH;5=8N, :>B>@K5 ?@840NB ?>AB>O=AB2> 40==K<, 872;5:05<K< <5E0=87<0<8, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> ?@8<5=O2H8<AO ;8HL 4;O A1>@0 :@0B:>A@>G=>9 B5:CI59 8=D>@<0F88. -B8 40==K5 70B5< 2:;NG0NBAO 2 F5;>AB=CN A8AB5<C =0:>?;5==>3> 7=0=8O. !8N<8=CB=K5, <8<>;5B=K5 8=A09BK C45@6820NBAO 8 70?><8=0NBAO, ?@>F5AAK @0F8>=0;L=>9 >1J5:B820F88 ?>4=8<0NBAO =0 2KAH89 C@>25=L :>3=8B82=>9 0:B82=>AB8 8, B5< A0<K<, ?@8>1@5B0NB =>2>5 7=0G5=85. =>2L >1@07CNI0OAO B@048F8O ?>=OB89=>3> <KH;5=8O 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L >:07K205B >3@><=>5 2;8O=85 =0 ?@>B5:0=85 2A5E ?@>F5AA>2 >1CG5=8O. !B0=>2OAL, B0:8< >1@07><, =57028A8<>9 >B :>=:@5B=KE >B45;L=KE >1J5:B>2, B@048F8O ?@52@0I05B 2AQ =0:>?;5==>5 2 >1CG5=88 7=0=85 2 7=0=85 =0A;54C5<>5. 0: O C65 >B<5G0; @0=55, <K ?@82K:;8 0AA>F88@>20BL A;>2> «=0A;54AB25==>ABL» A> A?5F8D8G5A:8< 18>;>38G5A:8< ?@>F5AA><, ?>A:>;L:C B0:>2> 53> 70:>==>5 >1I5C?>B@518B5;L=>5 7=0G5=85. >340 1K;8 87>1@5B5=K ;C: 8 AB@5;K, >=8 AB0;8 4>AB>O=85< =5 B>;L:> ?>B><:>2 87>1@5B0B5;O, => 8 2A53> A>>1I5AB20, 0 7=0G8B 8 2A53> G5;>25G5AB20. 5@>OB=>ABL CAB0@520=8O MB>3> 87>1@5B5=8O B0:>20 65, :0: 25@>OB=>ABL ?@52@0I5=8O 2 @C48<5=B :0:>3>-=81C4L B5;5A=>3> >@30=0, 8<5NI53> 8725AB=CN F5==>ABL A B>G:8 7@5=8O 2K6820=8O. C<C;OB82=K9 E0@0:B5@ B@048F88 >7=0G05B, =8 <=>3> =8 <0;>, =0A;54C5<>ABL ?@8>1@5B5==KE A?>A>1=>AB59. 5@540G0 8 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 G5;>25G5A:8E 7=0=89 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO AB>;L 1KAB@> 8 =5C45@68<>, GB> =5B@C4=> ?>=OBL 8 8728=8BL B5E, :B> 701K205B, GB> 2 >A=>25 G5;>25G5A:>3> @07C<0 ;568B D878G5A:0O <0B5@8O. /@:0O 2A?KH:0 GL53>-;81> ;8G=>3> 35=8O <>65B 2=5AB8 >3@><=K9 8 4>;3>A@>G=K9 2:;04 2 A>:@>28I=8FC G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>7=0=8O. >65B A;CG8BLAO B0:, GB> 8458, 2K428=CBK5 <>;>4K< G5;>25:><, >:06CB 2;8O=85 =5 B>;L:> =0 =0CG=CN <5B>4>;>38N AB0@H53> ?>:>;5=8O 8AA;54>20B5;59, => 8 =0 2AQ 8E 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 <8@>2>77@5=85. / A0< ?5@568; =5GB> ?>4>1=>5 2 <>;>4>AB8, >1I0OAL A> A2>8< 4@C3>< CAB02>< @0<5@><, :>B>@K9 1K; =0 2>A5<L ;5B <>;>65 <5=O. CAB02 ?@>HQ; =0CG=CN H:>;C C 02B>@8B5B=>3> 18>;>30 0:A0 0@B<0=0, G59 ?>4E>4 : ?@>1;5<5 >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8 2 A2>N >G5@54L 2> <=>3>< >?@545;O;AO 2;8O=85< D8;>A>D0 8:>;0O 0@B<0=0. / CA2>8; MB>B ?>4E>4 >B . @0<5@0 :0: =5GB> 5AB5AB25==>5 8 A0<>>G5284=>5. 8:B> 87 =0A =5 7=0; B>340 > B@048F88, ?8B0NI59 MB8 273;O4K, 8, B0:8< >1@07><, «=0A;54AB25==>ABL» F5;>3> :><?;5:A0 M?8AB5<>;>38G5A:8E :>=F5?F89 ?@>;>68;0 2>4>@0745; <564C «?>:>;5=8O<8» 8 B5< A0<K< ?@>4>;68;0 A2>5 ACI5AB2>20=85. 5@540G0 ?@8>1@5BQ==KE ?@87=0:>2 2K7K205B CA:>@5=85 2> 2A5E >1;0ABOE G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8, GB> 2?>;=5 <>65B A> 2@5<5=5< ?>A;C68BL >4=>9 87 ?@8G8= C?04:0 8 70:0B0 B>9 8;8 8=>9 >B45;L=>9 F828;870F88. IQ A> 2@5<5= 0@28=0 2>?@>A > B><, =0A;54CNBAO 8;8 =5B ?@8>1@5BQ==K5 ?@87=0:8, AB0; ?@54<5B>< >65AB>GQ==KE 48A:CAA89. 4=064K ?>;CHCBO O ?@54;>68; B0:>9 0D>@87< (2?>;=5 C<5AB=K9 2 40==>< :>=B5:AB5): «>=8<0=85 B>3>, GB> G53>-B> =5 <>65B 1KBL =8:>340, =5@54:> ?@8E>48B : =0< ?>A;5 2AB@5G8 A 8A:;NG5=8O<8, 87 :>B>@KE 284=>, GB> 1K;> 1K, 5A;8 MB> 2AQ 65 A;CG8;>AL». 3. =B5;;5:BC0;L=0O 687=L :0: :>;;5:B82=K9 D5=><5= 0: <K 2845;8, 2KA>:>>@30=87>20==0O 687=L ?@8<0B>2 ?>A;C68;0 1078A><, =0 :>B>@>< C65 ACI5AB2CNI85 :>3=8B82=K5 DC=:F88 8=B53@8@>20;8AL 8 AD>@<8@>20;8 ?>=OB89=>5 <KH;5=85, 0 2<5AB5 A =8<  A8=B0:A8G5A:89 O7K: 8 :C<C;OB82=CN B@048F8N. -B8 A?>A>1=>AB8, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, >:070;8 2A5AB>@>==5 >1@0B=>5 2;8O=85 =0 A>F80;L=CN 687=L G5;>25:0. KAB@>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 7=0=89, AB5@5>B8?=>5 2708<>C?>4>1;5=85 <=5=89 2A5E G;5=>2 A>>1I5AB20 8 >A>15==> 70:@5?;5=85 >?@545;Q==KE 107>2KE A>F80;L=>-MB8G5A:8E =>@< A>740;8 =>2CN D>@<C A>>1I5AB20, ACI=>AB=> =>2CN D>@<C 687=8, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 B>, GB> <K =07K205< 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 687=LN. !?5F8D8G5A:>5, :>=:@5B=>5 2>?;>I5=85 B0:>9 A8AB5<K >1@07C5B B>, GB> <K =07K205< :C;LBC@>9. ! <>59 B>G:8 7@5=8O, =5B >A>1>3> A<KA;0 C3;C1;OBLAO 2 @07;8G8O <564C :C;LBC@=>9, 4CE>2=>9 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 AD5@0<8 687=8 A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25:0. >20O A8AB5<0 >1;0405B 2A5<8 8725AB=K<8 A>AB02=K<8 A2>9AB20<8 =87H8E D>@< 687=8; ?>;>68B5;L=0O F8:;8G5A:0O >1@0B=0O A2O7L 8=D>@<0F88 8 M=5@388 ?@>4>;605B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO 2 >A=>2=>< 2 >4=8E 8 B5E 65 D>@<0E, E>BO =5:>B>@K5 D878>;>38G5A:85 8 D878G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK, 2>2;5GQ==K5 2 =8E, O2;ONBAO A>25@H5==> =>2K<8. 0: C65 >B<5G0;>AL, B@0=A;OF8O 0AA8<8;8@>20==>3> 7=0=8O 2=CB@8 682>9 A8AB5<K G5;>25G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K >A=>20=0 =0 <5E0=87<0E, >B;8G=KE >B <5E0=87<>2 0=0;>38G=KE ?@>F5AA>2 C 682>B=KE 8 @0AB5=89. "> 65 A0<>5 >B=>A8BAO 8 : <5E0=87<0< CA2>5=8O M=5@388, :>B>@K5 >?8@0NBAO =0 B0:>3> @>40 8=D>@<0F8N 8 B>65 >BG0AB8 ACBL =5GB> =>2>5, ?>A:>;L:C G5;>25:  MB> 548=AB25==>5 ACI5AB2>, A?>A>1=>5 8A?>;L7>20BL 2 A>1AB25==KE 8=B5@5A0E 8=K5 8AB>G=8:8 M=5@388, G5< M=5@38O A>;=F0, ?8B0NI0O F8:; 75<=>9 687=8 G5@57 ?@>F5AA D>B>A8=B570. 0: 1K B> =8 1K;>, 2 @57C;LB0B5 =>2>9 «=0A;54AB25==>AB8»  =0A;54>20=8O ?@8>1@5B5==KE ?@87=0:>2  2>7=8:05B =>2K9 :>3=8B82=K9 0??0@0B, DC=:F88 :>B>@>3> ?0@0;;5;L=K DC=:F8O< 35=><0, 345 ?@>F5AAK CA2>5=8O 8 A>E@0=5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 >ACI5AB2;ONBAO 42C<O @07=>@>4=K<8 <5E0=87<0<8, 2708<=> =0E>4OI8<8AO 2 >B=>H5=8OE 0=B03>=87<0 8 @02=>25A8O. 4. !>F80;L=0O :>=AB@C:F8O @50;L=>AB8 "@048F88 :C;LBC@K ?@54?8AK20NB 8=48284C, G5<C 8 :0: 5<C A;54C5B CG8BLAO.  G0AB=>AB8, :C;LBC@0 =0;0305B >3@0=8G5=8O =0 B>, G5<C 4>72>;5=> CG8BLAO. ;03>40@O :=835 . 5@35@0 8 ". C:<0=0 «!>F80;L=>5 :>=AB@C8@>20=85 @50;L=>AB8» (!<. @CAA:89 ?5@52>4: 5@35@ ., C:<0= ". !>F80;L=>5 :>=AB@C8@>20=85 @50;L=>AB8. "@0:B0B ?> A>F8>;>388 7=0=8O. . 1995 (@8<, ?5@52>4G8:0)) <K <>65< ?@54AB028BL A515, 4> :0:>9 AB5?5=8 =0H8 :>3=8B82=K5 DC=:F88 =0E>4OBAO ?>4 2;8O=85< B>3>, GB> :C;LBC@0, 2=CB@8 :>B>@>9 <K 682Q< 8 :>B>@>9 ?@8=04;568<, :20;8D8F8@C5B 2 :0G5AB25 «@50;L=>3>» 8 «8AB8==>3>»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«:0@B8=C <8@0»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«CI5@1=K< ACI5AB2><» [incompetent creature] 8 ?>4G5@:820; =54>AB0B>G=CN ?@8A?>A>1;5==>ABL 53> >@30=>2, C?CAB8; 87 284C B>B D0:B, GB> G5;>25G5A:89 <>73 O2;O5BAO >@30=><, 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 >B25G0NI8< B@51>20=8O< G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8. 5A><=5==>, GB> <>73>2K5 ?>;CH0@8O =0H8E ?@54:>2 =0G0;8 C25;8G820BLAO A B>3> 2@5<5=8, :>340 «B2>@G5A:0O 2A?KH:0» ?>=OB89=>3> <KH;5=8O 8 O7K:0 A45;0;0 2>7<>6=K< =0A;54>20=85 ?@8>1@5BQ==KE =02K:>2 8 :0G5AB2; 2 @57C;LB0B5 402;5=85 >B1>@0 2K720;> C25;8G5=85 ?>;CH0@89. -BC B>G:C 7@5=8O, O B><C A2845B5;L, ?>E>4O, :0: =5GB> A0<> A>1>9 @07C<5NI55AO, 2KA:070; 2 >4=>9 87 48A:CAA89 0: >=>. / =8 @07C =5 2AB@5G0; MB>3> CB25@645=8O, :>B>@>5 :065BAO <=5 25AL<0 ?@024>?>4>1=K<, 2 ?5G0B8, E>BO 8 ?@>G8B0; 25;8:>5 <=>65AB2> E8B@>C<=KE 25@A89, >1JOA=ONI8E 2=570?=>5 C25;8G5=85 >1JQ<0 3>;>2=>3> <>730, A>2?02H55 A ?>O2;5=85< G5;>25:0. 1> A>B2>@5=85 G5;>25:0 8 5ABL «B2>@G5A:0O 2A?KH:0» 0::C<C;8@CNI59 B@048F88, 0 3>;>2=>9 <>73  5Q >@30=. 420 ;8 <K >B40Q< A515 >BGQB, =0A:>;L:> 25;8:0 :C;LBC@=0O 8=D>@<0F8O, A>45@60I0OAO 2 =0H59 B@048F88. ">, GB> <K ?>=8<05< ?>4 B@048F859, AB0=>28BAO 4;O =0A 2B>@>9 ?@8@>4>9, 8 <K =082=> 25@8< 2 5Q @50;L=>ABL 8 8AB8==>ABL B>G=> B0: 65, :0: =082=K9 @50;8AB ?>;0305B, GB> M<?8@8G5A:0O >G5284=>ABL, :>B>@CN >15A?5G820NB 53> >@30=K GC2AB2, A>AB02;ONB A0<C >1J5:B82=CN @50;L=>ABL. 0: C65 3>2>@8;>AL 2 @>;53><5=0E, ?@>F5AA >1J5:B820F88, ?@54AB02;ONI89 A>1>9 ?@54?>AK;:C 2A5E 4>AB865=89 =0CG=>3> ?>7=0=8O, >?8@05BAO =0 ?>=8<0=85 AC1J5:B82=KE <5E0=87<>2, >B>1@060NI8E >1@07K 2=5H=59 @50;L=>AB8. 8HL =5<=>385 >A>7=0NB, 2 :0:>9 AB5?5=8 =0H :C;LBC@=> >1CA;>2;5==K9 0??0@0B :0@B8=K <8@0, 0 A;54>20B5;L=> 8 2AQ, GB> <K AG8B05< 8AB8==K<, 4>AB>25@=K<, @50;L=K< 8 A?@0254;82K<, 45B5@<8=8@>20= A>F80;L=K<8 2;8O=8O<8 27@0AB82H59 =0A :C;LBC@K.  >1O70==>AB8 CGQ=>3>, AB@5<OI53>AO >1J5:B828@>20BL D5=><5=0;L=K9 <8@, 2E>48B CGQB :0: 4>AB865=89, B0: 8 >3@0=8G5==>AB8 =0H53> :C;LBC@=>->1CA;>2;5==>3> «<8@>2>77@5=G5A:>3> 0??0@0B0»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«?> BC AB>@>=C 75@:0;0»  A@54AB20<8 5AB5AB2>7=0=8O. / 25AL<0 40;5: >B ?>4>1=>3> 2KA>:><5@8O. 0?@>B82, O 3;C1>:> C1564Q=, GB> B5 M?8AB5<>;>38G5A:85 8 MB8G5A:85 2>77@5=8O, :>B>@K5 O @072820; 745AL, @0745;O5B 1KAB@> @0ABCI89 :@C3 4@C38E <KA;8B5;59. =>340 B0: 1K205B: =5:>B>@K5 >B:@KB8O 2 >?@545;Q==K9 <><5=B «=>AOBAO 2 2>74CE5». 0 <>9 273;O4, 5ABL O2=K5 ?@87=0:8 B>3>, GB> =0G8=05BAO ?8B05<K9 5AB5AB2>7=0=85< @>AB A0<>A>7=0=8O :C;LBC@=>3> G5;>25G5AB20, 53> :>;;5:B82=>5 A0<>?>7=0=85.  5A;8, GB> 2?>;=5 25@>OB=>, MB> 42865=85 1C45B =0@0AB0BL, 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 CAB@5<;5=8O 8 M=5@38O G5;>25G5AB20 ?>4=8<CBAO =0 2KAH89 C@>25=L 8=B53@0F88, :0: =5:>340 2 40;Q:>< ?@>H;>< «B2>@G5A:0O 2A?KH:0» @5D;5:A88 8 A>75@F0=8O 2>725;0 ?>7=020B5;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8 G5;>25:0 =0 =>2CN 8 =51K20;CN 2KA>BC. 4=0:> @5D;5:A82=>3> A0<>?>7=0=8O :C;LBC@K 5IQ =8:>340 =5 ?@>8AE>48;> =0 =0H59 ?;0=5B5,  ?>4>1=> B><C, :0: 4> 0;8;5O =0 =59 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> >1J5:B828@CNI59 =0C:8. 0CG=>5 8AA;54>20=85 AB@C:BC@K G5;>25G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 8 ?@>B5:0NI8E 2 =Q< 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2  7040G0 3830=BA:0O. 1I5AB2>  A0<0O A;>6=0O 87 2A5E 682KE A8AB5< =0 75<;5, 8 =0H8 ?>7=0=8O > =Q< ?>:0 5IQ >G5=L ?>25@E=>AB=K. > O C25@5=, GB> G5;>25: 4>AB83 ?>2>@>B=>3> ?C=:B0 2 A2>59 8AB>@88 8 >1;0405B =0 40==K9 <><5=B ?>B5=F80;L=>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN ?>:>@OBL =>2K5 8 =5872540==K5 25@H8=K. >=5G=> 65, G5;>25G5AB2> =0E>48BAO =K=5 2 1>;LH59, G5< :>340-;81> >?0A=>AB8. > A?>A>1K <KH;5=8O, ?@8ACI85 <8@C 5AB5AB2>7=0=8O, 2?5@2K5 2 8AB>@88 ?@54>AB02;ONB =0< 2>7<>6=>ABL >1C740BL A8;K, ?>3C182H85 2A5 F828;870F88 ?@>H;>3>.